vipt

Forms

vipt n (plural vipturi)^[1] Regional variants are gipt and jipt; an old plural vipture occurs beside vipturi.^[2]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin vīctus (“sustenance, food”), as Pușcariu, the REW, DEX and MDA2 give it.^[3][4][2][1] The Latin noun is formed on vīvō (“to live”).^[1][5]

The word survives in all four branches: Aromanian yiptu, Megleno-Romanian vipt and Istro-Romanian vipt.^[3][6][7][8] In Aromanian it means “grain”, in Istro-Romanian cereals, and in Megleno-Romanian food.^[6][8] Its Romance cognate is Italian vitto “food”.^[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record is in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki of the early 16th century, at Psalm 64: „mulți viptul lui” “multiply its fruits”, of the earth's crops.^[2][9][10] Tiktin's first record is the same verse in the Psaltirea Scheiană.^[11]

Semantic evolution

In the psalters and the old church books vipt is the fruit of the earth, the crops and above all grain: the liturgy of Iași of 1679 prays for a good harvest „a vipturilor pământului”.^[9][11] The 17th-century Slavonic–Romanian lexicons use it to gloss Slavonic words for grain.^[12] The Palia de la Orăștie (1581–1582) already has the sense “food”: Joseph's father is sent asses laden with „grâu, pâine și vipt”.^[9][13] Ciorănescu points to Șăineanu's semantic studies for the shift between “food” and “grain”.^[3]

The food sense led to that of board: a lua or a ține pe cineva în vipt is to take someone in as a lodger, with meals.^[4][2] The word is now old or regional, chiefly Transylvanian.^[9] In Maramureș a vipt is the measure of grain, a sack carried on one's back to the mill.^[14][2]

Timeline

• c. 1500–1520 – viptul “its crops” in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki, the first record.^[2][10]
• 1581–1582 – vipt “food” in the Palia de la Orăștie.^[9]
• c. 1660–1670 – viptul in a Slavonic–Romanian lexicon.^[12]
• 1679 – vipturilor pământului in the liturgy printed at Iași.^[11]

Meanings

Noun

1. (dated) The fruit of the earth; crops, the grain harvest.^[4][2][1]
2. (regional) food for people; board and keep: a lua în vipt, to take in as a lodger.^[4][2]
3. (regional, Maramureș) A sack of grain carried to the mill.^[14][2]

Related words

• viu
• victualii
• Aromanian yiptu

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 1487
3. ^ a b c d Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. vipt
4. ^ a b c d DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 1200
5. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
6. ^ a b Byhan, Arthur (1899), Istrorumänisches Glossar, Sechster Jahresbericht des Instituts für rumänische Sprache zu Leipzig: 174–366, p. 381
7. ^ Popovici, Iosif (1909), Dialectele romîne din Istria II: texte și glosar, Halle a. S., p. 164
8. ^ a b Kovačec, August (1998), Istrorumunjsko-hrvatski rječnik (s gramatikom i tekstovima), Pula
9. ^ a b c d e Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. vipt
10. ^ a b Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 64:11
11. ^ a b c Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. vipt
12. ^ a b Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. viptul
13. ^ Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 1, 698
14. ^ a b Ștef, Dorin (2021), Dicționar de regionalisme și arhaisme din județul Maramureș, 3rd ed., Baia Mare, p. s.v. vipt