temperatură

Forms

temperatură f (plural temperaturi)^[1] In the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet the word was written температурэ.^[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from French température, at the same time borrowed from Latin temperātūra;^[2][3][4][1] MDA2 and the neologism dictionaries also name German Temperatur.^[2][3][4][1] Tiktin takes it from New Latin, partly through other languages, and Scriban from Latin alone.^[5][6] The Latin noun, meaning “due mixture, proportion”, is formed from temperō (“to mix in due proportion”) with -tūra.^[1][7] French borrowed it in 1538 and used it for the degree of heat of the air from 1547;^[8][9] German had it from the 15th century and used it for warmth from the 16th.^[8][9]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin's first date is 1818;^[5][3][10] MDA2's first record is Vasilie Popp's book on the mineral waters of Arpătac, Bodoc and Covasna (1821).^[5][3][10]

Semantic evolution

In Negulici's dictionary of 1848 the word is the state and quality of the air, which may be damp, dry, cold or warm.^[11] Costinescu (1870) adds the degree of heat in a place or a body, as shown by the thermometer.^[12] The medical sense “fever”, a avea temperatură “to have a temperature”, is recorded by Scriban (1939), and the word also named the chart of a patient's temperature.^[6][3][13]

Timeline

• 1818 – the first record Tiktin cites.^[5]
• 1821 – Vasilie Popp's book on mineral waters.^[3]
• 1848 – Negulici: the state of the air.^[11]
• 1870 – Costinescu: the degree of heat of a place or body.^[12]
• 1939 – Scriban records a avea temperatură “to have a fever”.^[6]

Meanings

Noun

1. temperature: the physical quantity that describes how warm a medium or a body is;^[2][3][1] temperatură absolută “absolute temperature”.^[2][3][1]
2. The constant body temperature of an animal, the balance between the heat it produces and the heat it loses.^[2]
3. A raised body temperature as a symptom of illness; fever.^[2][3]

Related words

• temperament

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 1116
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 1197
4. ^ a b Marcu, Florin (2000), Marele dicționar de neologisme, București: Saeculum Vizual, p. s.v. temperatură
5. ^ a b c d Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. temperatúră
6. ^ a b c Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 1310
7. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
8. ^ a b Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
9. ^ a b Kluge, Friedrich; Seebold, Elmar (2011), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 25th ed., Berlin / Boston: De Gruyter, p. 912
10. ^ a b Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. temperatură
11. ^ a b Negulici, I. D. (1848), Vocabular romînesc de toate vorbele streine întroduse pînă acum în limba romînească și de toate cuvintele ce s-ar mai putea introduce încă, București, p. s.v. temperatură
12. ^ a b Costinescu, Ion (1870), Vocabularu romano-francesu, 2 vols., Bucuresci, p. 2, 605
13. ^ Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 4, 411