sud

Forms

sud n (uncountable)^[1] Early 19th-century texts also write sid: „Mai toate popoarele Europei numesc răsăritul ost; miazăzi sid sau sud” “almost all the peoples of Europe call the east ost; the south sid or sud”.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is borrowed from French sud,^[4][5][6][1] and according to the DLR and MDA2 also borrowed from Italian sud, with German Süden compared;^[2][3] Tiktin gives Italian alone.^[7] The Italian word itself comes from French.^[8][9] The French word is a remodelling of about 1170 of Old French suth (about 1138), from Old English sūþ (“south”),^[10] which goes back to Proto-Germanic *sunþrą.^[1] Nocentini explains the Germanic word as “right-hand side”, the south lying to the right of one who faces the sunrise.^[9]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record is in Amfilohie Hotiniul's geography of 1795, which gives the new terms beside the native ones: „Răsăritul îl numesc est, apusul ovest, amiazăzi sud” “the sunrise they call east, the sunset west, midday south”.^[2][3][7]

Semantic evolution

Nineteenth-century writers keep glossing it with the native miazăzi, and the DLR lists the older Romanian names for the south: miază, austru, meriziu and regional prânz.^[2] From the cardinal point it came to mean the southern part of the world, a continent or a country, and the peoples living there.^[4][3] It is used as an attributive adjective in polul sud “the South Pole”.^[7][11] Costinescu's dictionary of 1870 already has the compound sud-est “south-east” and polul sud.^[12]

Timeline

• 1795 – first record, in Amfilohie Hotiniul's geography.^[3][2][7]
• 1870 – sud-est “south-east” and polul sud “the South Pole” in Costinescu's dictionary.^[12]
• 1875 – Antonescu's dictionary gives French sud, midi.^[13]
• 1886 – Barcianu glosses it German Süden.^[14]

Meanings

Noun

1. south, the cardinal point opposite the north;^[4][11][1] de sud “southern”; attributively in polul sud “the South Pole”.^[4][11][1]
2. The southern part of the globe, a continent or a country; the peoples living there.^[4][3]

Related words

• miazăzi
• French sud

Usage notes

A separate, obsolete sud “county, district; judgment, court” was borrowed from Serbo-Croatian sud (compare Old Church Slavonic сѫдъ (sǫdŭ)) and is recorded from 1712: a Wallachian document of 1804 locates a company „ot orașu Craiovei sud Dolj” “of the town of Craiova, county of Dolj”.^[7][3] In the Banat it survived as “judgment, tribunal”.^[15][11]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. sud
3. ^ a b c d e f g Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 1043
4. ^ a b c d e DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 1069
5. ^ Marcu, Florin (2000), Marele dicționar de neologisme, București: Saeculum Vizual, p. s.v. sud
6. ^ Costăchescu, Adriana; Dincă, Daniela; Dragoste, Ramona; Popescu, Mihaela; Scurtu, Gabriela (2009–2010), Dicționar de împrumuturi lexicale din limba franceză (DILF), 2 vols., Craiova: Universitaria, p. s.v. sud
7. ^ a b c d e Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. sud
8. ^ Cortelazzo, Manlio; Zolli, Paolo (1999), Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana, 2nd ed. by Manlio Cortelazzo and Michele A. Cortelazzo, Bologna: Zanichelli
9. ^ a b Nocentini, Alberto; Parenti, Alessandro (2010), l'Etimologico: vocabolario della lingua italiana, Firenze: Le Monnier
10. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
11. ^ a b c d Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 4, 292
12. ^ a b Costinescu, Ion (1870), Vocabularu romano-francesu, 2 vols., Bucuresci, p. 2, 575
13. ^ Antonescu, G. M. (1875), Dictionariu romanu-francesu, Bucuresci: Typografia Curții (Lucrători Associați), p. 302
14. ^ Barcianu, Sava Popovici (1886), Dicționar român-germân și germân-român, revised by D. P. Barcianu, part I: român-germân, Sibiu: Institut tipografic, p. 620
15. ^ Costin, Lucian (1926–1934), Graiul bănățean, 2 vols., Timișoara / Turnu-Severin, p. 181