sudoare

Forms

sudoare f (plural sudori)^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin sūdōrem (“sweat”).^{[2][3][4][1][5]} The Latin noun is formed on sūdō (“to sweat”) and goes back to Proto-Indo-European *sweyd- (“to sweat”).^[6][1][7]

It survives in Aromanian asudoari.^[1][2] Romance cognates include Dalmatian sudaur, Italian sudore, Occitan suzor, French sueur, Catalan suhor, Spanish sudor and Portuguese suor.^[2][5] The verb asuda “to sweat” is of the same Latin family.^[8][2]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record is in the Codicele Voronețean (c. 1563–1583), in the passage of Acts 19:12 on the cloths that had touched the apostle's sweat.^[3][9][10]

Semantic evolution

Beside “sweat”, the word came to mean hard toil, after the biblical întru sudoarea feții tale vei mânca pâinea ta “in the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread” (Bucharest Bible, 1688, Genesis 3:19).^[9][11][4] Sudorile morții is the sweat of the dying, and by extension sweat from fear or exhaustion.^[4] The plural sudori is common in phrases: îl treceau toate sudorile “he broke out in a cold sweat”.^[9]

In Banat sudoare is a name of lungwort.^[2][12] Sudoarea calului is restharrow and sudoarea laptelui butterbur.^[8] Ciorănescu notes that the word is in general use, but less so in Oltenia, Muntenia and Dobruja.^[2]

Timeline

• c. 1563–1583 – in the Codicele Voronețean, the first record.^[3][9]
• 1648 – „Sudorile lui era ca o picătură de sânge” “his sweat was like drops of blood” in the New Testament of Bălgrad (Luke 22:44).^[10]
• 1688 – sudoarea feții “the sweat of the face” in the Bucharest Bible (Genesis 3:19).^[9]
• 1692 – the plural sudori in a manuscript.^[9]
• 1929 – Panțu records sudoare as a Banat name of lungwort.^[12]

Meanings

Noun

1. sweat, perspiration.^[4][1]
2. sudorile morții or sudori de moarte: the sweat of the dying; sweat from fear or exhaustion.^[4]
3. (figurative) toil, hard work: cu sudoarea frunții “by the sweat of one's brow”.^[4][13]
4. (regional) lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis).^[2][12]

Word family

• sudoros

Related words

• asuda

Usage notes

MDA2 records an old variant sudor.^[3]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. sudoare
3. ^ a b c d Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 1044
4. ^ a b c d e f DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 1069
5. ^ a b Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 8427
6. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
7. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
8. ^ a b Cihac, A. de (1870), Dictionnaire d'étymologie daco-romane I: Éléments latins comparés avec les autres langues romanes, Frankfurt am Main, p. 269
9. ^ a b c d e f Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. sudoáre
10. ^ a b Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. sudoare
11. ^ Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 1261
12. ^ a b c Panțu, Zach. C. (1929), Plantele cunoscute de poporul român. Vocabular botanic cuprinzând numirile române, franceze, germane și științifice, 2nd ed., București: Editura Casei Școalelor, p. 294
13. ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. sudoare