revoltă

Forms

revoltă f (plural revolte)^[1] MDA2 records the regional variants răvoltă and rivoltă and an old plural revoalte.^[2] Tiktin also lists rivoltă.^[3]

Etymology

It is borrowed from French révolte.^{[4][2][5][6][1]} Tiktin and Scriban also name Italian rivolta.^[3][7]

The French noun is a deverbal noun from the verb révolter.^[1] That verb was borrowed in 1414 from rivoltare (“to exchange, turn over”), from rivolto, the past participle of rivolgere (“to turn back”), which continues Latin revolvō (“to roll back”).^[8]

The verb revolta was borrowed separately, from the French verb.^[4][2]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record is of 1829, in a text that MDA2 and Tiktin cite as AR, with the sense “uprising, rebellion”.^[2][3] Negulici's dictionary of 1848 glosses it with Latin rebellio and Romanian rebelie, răscoală.^[9]

Semantic evolution

The first sense was political: a rising of subjects against a ruler or of inferiors against a superior.^[9][10] It also came to mean the feeling behind such an act, anger and bitterness at an injustice;^[11][5] DLRLC quotes this sense from Gherea, Topîrceanu and Rebreanu, and it is now the first sense in DEX.^[11][5] MDA2 gives it as synonyms of the older words răscoală, răzvrătire and rebeliune and of the obsolete zurba.^[2]

Timeline

• 1829 – first record, “uprising”.^[2][3]
• 1830 – the verb revolta.^[2][12]
• 1848 – listed by Negulici among the new words.^[9]
• 1870 – Costinescu defines it as a rising against legitimate authority.^[10]

Meanings

Noun

1. indignation: anger provoked by an injustice or an unworthy act.^[5][2]
2. A revolt: a spontaneous, unorganised uprising against authority; răscoală, rebeliune.^[5][2][1]

Related words

• revolta
• revoltant
• revoltător
• revoluție

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 704
3. ^ a b c d Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. revoltă
4. ^ a b Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. revoltă
5. ^ a b c d e DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 952
6. ^ Marcu, Florin; Maneca, Constant (1986), Dicționar de neologisme, 3rd ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. s.v. revoltă
7. ^ Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 1125
8. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
9. ^ a b c Negulici, I. D. (1848), Vocabular romînesc de toate vorbele streine întroduse pînă acum în limba romînească și de toate cuvintele ce s-ar mai putea introduce încă, București, p. s.v. revoltă
10. ^ a b Costinescu, Ion (1870), Vocabularu romano-francesu, 2 vols., Bucuresci, p. 2, 444
11. ^ a b Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 3, 742
12. ^ Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. revolta