Etymology and origin of the Romanian word peșteră
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Borrowing
- First attested
- 1532 a Slavonic–Romanian document More words from the 16th century
- Borrowed from
- Old Church Slavonic пещера
- Ultimate origin
- Proto-Slavic *peťera
Forms
peșteră f (plural peșteri)[1]
Etymology
It is borrowed from Old Church Slavonic пещера (peštera, “cave”), a loan from Slavonic.[2][3][4][5][1] Ciorănescu adds the Bulgarian form, Bulgarian пещера (peštera).[6][7] The Slavonic word comes from Proto-Slavic *peťera, formed on *peťь (“oven”) with the suffix *-era, so that a cave was first a place “like an oven”.[1][8] Vasmer rejects Meillet's comparison with Latin specus (“cave”).[8]
The word survives south of the Danube: Aromanian pishtireauã and Megleno-Romanian peaștiră.[6][9][10] Capidan derives the Megleno-Romanian word from Bulgarian.[11]
Earliest recorded meaning
Tiktin dates the first record to 1532, in a Slavonic–Romanian document.[3] In a Romanian text it appears in a 16th-century folk book printed in Hasdeu's Cuvente den bătrâni: „Să muncesc în pustie și în măguri și în peșteri” “let them toil in the wilderness, on the hills and in caves”.[4] MDA2's year 1550 comes from the title of Hasdeu's collection, which covers the language of 1550–1600.[5]
Semantic evolution
From the start the word named a natural cave, often the tomb or hermitage of the Bible: the Palia of 1581 has Jacob asking to be buried „în peștere îndoită” “in the double cave”.[4][3] By extension it meant a lair or den, and in Transylvania it was used of a beast's lair in a psalter of 1651.[2][12] Figurative senses are a shelter, a dwelling or a hiding place, and in slang a meeting place of thieves.[5] The New Testament of 1648 has „peșteră tâlharilor” “a den of thieves”.[12] Regional forms are peștiră, peștire and peștără, and in one region peștiră means a deep pit.[5][4]
Timeline
- 1532 – a Slavonic–Romanian document, the first record.[3]
- 16th century – peșteri “caves” in a folk book.[4]
- 1581 – peștere îndoită “the double cave” in the Palia de la Orăștie.[4]
- 1648 – peșteră tâlharilor “a den of thieves” in the New Testament of Bălgrad.[12]
- 1649 – in Mardarie's Slavonic–Romanian lexicon, glossing Slavonic vrŭtepŭ “cave”.[13]
- 1688 – peșteră and its forms some thirty times in the Bucharest Bible.[14]
- 1784 – peștiră in the Alexandria.[4]
Meanings
Noun
- A cave, a grotto: a large, deep natural hollow formed when water dissolves soluble rock.[2][5]
- (by extension) A lair, a den.[2][5]
- (figurative) A shelter, a dwelling, a hiding place or a refuge.[5]
- (slang) A meeting place of thieves.[5]
Word family
- peșterean
Related words
- grotă
- cavernă
References
- ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 810
- ^ a b c d Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. peșteră
- ^ a b c d e f g Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. peșteră
- ^ a b c d e f g h Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 360
- ^ a b Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. peșteră
- ^ Georgiev, Vladimir I. et al. (eds.) (1971–), Bălgarski etimologičen rečnik, Sofija: Izdatelstvo na Bălgarskata akademija na naukite, p. 5, 223
- ^ a b Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), Ètimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka, transl. and suppl. by O. N. Trubačev, 4 vols., Moskva: Progress, p. 3, 256
- ^ Pascu, Giorge (1925), Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain, 2 vols. (I: Les éléments latins et romans; II: Les éléments grecs, turcs, slaves, albanais, germaniques, magyars, néologismes, créations immédiates, obscurs), Iași: Cultura Națională, p. 2, 204
- ^ Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net), p. 828
- ^ Capidan, Theodor (1935), Meglenoromânii III: Dicționar meglenoromân, București: Academia Română, p. 219
- ^ a b c Costinescu, Mariana; Georgescu, Magdalena; Zgraon, Florentina (1987), Dicționarul limbii române literare vechi (1640–1780): termeni regionali, București: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, p. 1, 222
- ^ Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro
- ^ Biblia, adecă Dumnezeiasca Scriptură a ceii vechi și a ceii noao leage, București, 1688 (ed. 1988, tricentennial edition)
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Peșteră.” Etymologically, 12 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/ro/pe%C8%99ter%C4%83. Accessed 12 Nov. 2026.
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