patrulă

Forms

patrulă f (plural patrule)^[1] A variant patrolă, plural patroale, was used in Transylvania and the Banat: „patroale de grenadiri au cutreierat stradele” “patrols of grenadiers went through the streets” (Barițiu).^[2][3][4] The plural patrulii, of an old patrulie, is in Filimon: „afară de desele patrulii militare” “except for the frequent military patrols”.^[2][4] Southern Moldavia had patraulă, shaped after caraulă “guard”.^[3][4] Other old forms are patruilă and patrol.^[5][4]

Etymology

The dictionaries name several sources.^[6][4] The DEX, the NODEX and the MDN give only borrowed from German Patrulle, an older German form of Patrouille;^{[7][8][9][4][2][10]} MDA2 gives the German word together with French patrouille and Russian патруль (patrulʹ), and the DLR German and Russian.^{[7][8][9][4][2][10]} Ciorănescu takes it from the French word through German, with Polish patrol and the Russian word beside it.^[6] Tiktin and Scriban give French, Scriban comparing Italian pattuglia, and Scriban takes the western form ⟨patrolă⟩ from Polish, Russian or German.^[5][3] Borcia counted it among the German words of soldiers' speech in Transylvania.^[11]

The German word was taken from French around 1600, also in the form Patrolle beside the one Romanian took.^[10][12] The Russian word is from French too.^[13] The French noun was made from the verb patrouiller (“to paddle in mud”), a form of patouiller, from patte (“paw”).^[12][10][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin dates the first record to 1789, after Vascenco's study of the prints of Mihail Strilbițchi, which looked at Russian influences in their language.^[5] MDA2's first record is the Lexicon de la Buda of 1825.^[4]

Semantic evolution

The word names a small group of soldiers, more rarely of civilians, on foot, on horseback, in vehicles or on ships, sent to scout, guard or keep order, and also a member of such a group.^[7][4] Șăineanu described it as a night round made by soldiers in a town.^[14] In aviation it also names a formation of three or four fighter planes.^[7][4] Phrases are a face de patrulă “to keep watch” and a merge în patrulă “to go scouting”.^[4] The verb patrula is derived from it.^[6]

Timeline

• 1789 – in a print of Mihail Strilbițchi, the first record.^[5]
• 1825 – in the Lexicon de la Buda.^[4]
• 1903 – Borcia lists patrulă among the Transylvanian soldiers' words from German.^[11]
• 1939 – Scriban records patrolă in the Banat and Transylvania and patraulă in southern Moldavia.^[3]

Meanings

Noun

1. A patrol: a small military unit sent to scout, guard or keep order: O patrulă a trecut pe stradă.^[7][4]
2. A member of such a unit.^[7][4]
3. patrulă de aviație: a flight of three or four military aircraft.^[7][4]

Word family

• patrula

Related words

• caraulă
• French patrouille

References

1. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. patrúlă
3. ^ a b c d Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 944
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 287
5. ^ a b c d Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. patrúlă
6. ^ a b c Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. patrulă
7. ^ a b c d e f g DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 784
8. ^ a b Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. patrulă
9. ^ a b Marcu, Florin (2000), Marele dicționar de neologisme, București: Saeculum Vizual, p. s.v. patrulă
10. ^ a b c d Pfeifer, Wolfgang, et al. (1993), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen, 2nd ed., Berlin: Akademie-Verlag; digital revised version in the DWDS, dwds.de
11. ^ a b Borcia, Ioan (1903–1904), Deutsche Sprachelemente im Rumänischen, Leipzig (in Weigand, Zehnter Jahresbericht des Instituts für rumänische Sprache zu Leipzig), p. 64
12. ^ a b Kluge, Friedrich; Seebold, Elmar (2011), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 25th ed., Berlin / Boston: De Gruyter, p. 689
13. ^ Georgiev, Vladimir I. et al. (eds.) (1971–), Bălgarski etimologičen rečnik, Sofija: Izdatelstvo na Bălgarskata akademija na naukite, p. 5, 99
14. ^ Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 1, 471