institut

Forms

institut n (plural institute)^[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from French institut, also borrowed from Latin institutum (“something established”), a borrowing that DEX, DILF and Marcu give from both languages.^[2][3][4] MDA2 adds German Institut as a third source,^[5] and Tiktin and Scriban give only the Latin word.^[6][7] The DA calls it a neologism after French.^[8]

The Latin noun is the neuter past participle of īnstituō (“to set up, establish”) used as a noun, “a plan, a practice, an ordinance”.^[9][10] French borrowed it in 1480 in the general Latin sense of “something established”, later for the rule of a religious order and for a learned body.^[11] German has had the word in the sense “establishment for education or research” since the 18th century.^[12][13]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin's first record is of 1798.^[6] MDA2 dates it from Dinicu Golescu's account of his travels in 1824–1826, where he says he visited the universities, institutes and boarding schools.^[5][8]

Semantic evolution

In the 19th century the word named a learned society, above all the Institut de France, the union of the French academies: Negulici in 1848 and Costinescu in 1870 define it so.^[14][15] It also meant a private school, often a boarding school, a sense Șăineanu put first in 1929 and CADE gave in 1931.^[16][17] In the plural it is the title of Justinian's Institutes of Roman law.^[7][18]

In the 20th century the main sense became a body for scientific research, often attached to an academy or a ministry, and an institution of higher education with several faculties; the private school is now a historical sense.^[2][19] Recent press language formed institut-fantomă “ghost institute”, a fictitious institute.^[20]

Timeline

• 1798 – first record in Tiktin.^[6]
• 1826 – institute among the schools Dinicu Golescu visited abroad.^[5][8]
• 1848 – Negulici defines it as the body of the French academies.^[14]
• 1931 – CADE gives the senses learned society, private school and the plural for Justinian's Institutes.^[17]
• 1953 – new research institutes of the Academy in the DLRLC's quotation.^[19]

Meanings

Noun

1. An institute where specialised scientific research is done; also an institution of higher education, and the building that houses such a body.^[2][3]
2. (historical) A private secondary school, usually with a boarding house.^[2][5]
3. (obsolete) An institution.^[2]
4. (in the plural) A work setting out the principles of Roman law, Justinian's Institutes.^[18][7]

Related words

• instituție
• institui

References

1. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 512
3. ^ a b Marcu, Florin (2000), Marele dicționar de neologisme, București: Saeculum Vizual
4. ^ Costăchescu, Adriana; Dincă, Daniela; Dragoste, Ramona; Popescu, Mihaela; Scurtu, Gabriela (2009–2010), Dicționar de împrumuturi lexicale din limba franceză (DILF), 2 vols., Craiova: Universitaria, p. 2
5. ^ a b c d Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 1144
6. ^ a b c Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. institut
7. ^ a b c Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 1, 646
8. ^ a b c Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. institut
9. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
10. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
11. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
12. ^ Kluge, Friedrich; Seebold, Elmar (2011), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 25th ed., Berlin / Boston: De Gruyter
13. ^ Pfeifer, Wolfgang, et al. (1993), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen, 2nd ed., Berlin: Akademie-Verlag; digital revised version in the DWDS, dwds.de
14. ^ a b Negulici, I. D. (1848), Vocabular romînesc de toate vorbele streine întroduse pînă acum în limba romînească și de toate cuvintele ce s-ar mai putea introduce încă, București, p. s.v. institut
15. ^ Costinescu, Ion (1870), Vocabularu romano-francesu, 2 vols., Bucuresci, p. 1, 552
16. ^ Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 1, 332
17. ^ a b Candrea, I.-A.; Adamescu, Gh. (1926–1931), Dicționarul enciclopedic ilustrat „Cartea Românească”, București: Cartea Românească
18. ^ a b Marcu, Florin; Maneca, Constant (1986), Dicționar de neologisme, 3rd ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România
19. ^ a b Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne
20. ^ Dimitrescu, Florica (1997), Dicționar de cuvinte recente, 2nd ed., București: Logos (with the 3rd ed., 2013, in CLRE)