industrie

Forms

industrie f (plural industrii)^[1] DA notes that the word was also stressed industríe, mainly in Transylvania, after German Industrie.^[2]

Etymology

It is borrowed from French industrie and Latin industria (“diligence, activity”);^[3][4] DEX, MDA2 and MDN give both as sources, a case of multiple etymology.^[5][6][3][4] DA and Wiktionary take it from French, and Tiktin from New Latin.^[2][1][7] The French word is itself a learned borrowing of 1356 from the Latin one.^[8][1]

The Latin noun is formed on the adjective industrius (“active, diligent”).^[9][8] That adjective, earlier indostruus, is made of indu-, an archaic strengthened form of in- (“in”), and struō (“to arrange, to pile up”).^[8] Scriban gives the same analysis.^[10]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin dates the first record to 1818.^[7] DA's earliest quotation is a document of 1834 in the Uricariul collection, which speaks of removing the obstacles to the growth of commerce and industry;^[11] MDA2 dates its first record by the same document.^[2][6] Its derivative industriaș “craftsman, industrialist” is quoted from a document of 1831 in the same collection.^[2]

Semantic evolution

The older senses were a person's craft or trade and, in Negulici's dictionary of 1848, skill or mastery in making something;^[11] MDA2 marks the craft sense as obsolete.^[11][6] Costinescu (1870) still defines it as the mechanical crafts and manufactures, and also as skill and any trade a person lives by.^[12] The modern sense, the branch of the economy that extracts raw materials and turns them into goods, is the main one in DEX, which adds the branches named by a qualifier: industrie textilă, industrie extractivă.^[5]

The phrase cavaler de industrie “swindler, confidence man” follows French chevalier d’industrie.^[2][10] In the 1980s the press also used the word for any profitable business, legal or not, run on a large scale.^[13]

Timeline

• 1818 – the first record Tiktin gives.^[7]
• 1831 – the derivative industriaș in a document of the Uricariul collection.^[2]
• 1834 – industriei “of industry” beside “commerce” in a document of the same collection.^[2][6]
• 1848 – Negulici lists it as a neologism meaning “skill, mastery” and “all the crafts”.^[11]
• 1870 – Costinescu defines it as the mechanical crafts and manufactures.^[12]
• 1982 – a business run on an industrial scale, legal or illegal, in the press.^[13]

Meanings

Noun

1. industry: the branch of production and of the economy that extracts natural resources and turns them into means of production and consumer goods.^[5][6]
2. With a qualifier, a single branch of industry: industrie textilă “textile industry”, industrie extractivă “mining industry”.^[5]
3. (dated) A craft or trade.^[6][10]
4. (by extension) A large-scale profitable business, legal or illegal.^[13]

Word family

• industriaș

Related words

• industrial
• Latin industria
• French industrie

Usage notes

Industrie grea is heavy industry and industrie ușoară light industry, which makes consumer goods.^[14][6] Cavaler de industrie “swindler” is now rare.^[6][15]

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. industrie
3. ^ a b Marcu, Florin (2000), Marele dicționar de neologisme, București: Saeculum Vizual, p. s.v. industrie
4. ^ a b Costăchescu, Adriana; Dincă, Daniela; Dragoste, Ramona; Popescu, Mihaela; Scurtu, Gabriela (2009–2010), Dicționar de împrumuturi lexicale din limba franceză (DILF), 2 vols., Craiova: Universitaria
5. ^ a b c d DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 504
6. ^ a b c d e f g h Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 1132
7. ^ a b c Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. industrie
8. ^ a b c Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
9. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
10. ^ a b c Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 637
11. ^ a b c d Negulici, I. D. (1848), Vocabular romînesc de toate vorbele streine întroduse pînă acum în limba romînească și de toate cuvintele ce s-ar mai putea introduce încă, București, p. s.v. industrie
12. ^ a b Costinescu, Ion (1870), Vocabularu romano-francesu, 2 vols., Bucuresci, p. 1, 543
13. ^ a b c Dimitrescu, Florica (1997), Dicționar de cuvinte recente, 2nd ed., București: Logos (with the 3rd ed., 2013, in CLRE), p. s.v. industrie
14. ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. industrie
15. ^ Candrea, I.-A.; Adamescu, Gh. (1926–1931), Dicționarul enciclopedic ilustrat „Cartea Românească”, București: Cartea Românească, p. s.v. industrie