friguros

Forms

friguros m or n (feminine singular friguroasă, masculine plural friguroși, feminine/neuter plural friguroase)^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Late Latin frīgorōsus (“cold, frosty”), a Late Latin formation on frīgus (“cold”) with the suffix -ōsus.^{[1][2][3][4][5]} The Latin adjective is recorded in late sources, and the REW lists the Romanian word under it.^[6][7] Candrea and Densusianu explain the ⟨u⟩ of the second syllable by the influence of frig.^[8] Ciorănescu treats the word as a Romanian derivative of that noun with the suffix -os, but allows that it may continue the Latin adjective directly.^[9]

The same adjective survives as Aromanian friguros.^[10] Its Romance cognates include Campidanese Sardinian friorosu, French frileux and Spanish frioloso.^[6][7] The Latin noun itself goes back to Proto-Indo-European *sriHǵ-o/es- (“frost, bitter cold”), the source of Ancient Greek ῥῖγος (rhîgos, “cold, frost”) too.^[11]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin's first record is of 1654, in the Romanian text of the Teachings of Neagoe Basarab, where the word means “cold”.^[2] MDA2 gives a much later first record, Constantin Negruzzi's writings printed in 1872, for the sense “sensitive to cold”.^[4]

Semantic evolution

Two uses run side by side from the start.^[2] One describes things that are cold or let the cold in: a cold winter, a garment that does not warm, a stove that heats badly, a room that stays cold however much it is heated.^[2][3] The other describes people and animals that bear the cold badly, and as a noun a person who feels the cold.^[2][3] Negruzzi wrote of flowers grown in the shade and by the stove as „friguroase și plăpânde” “sensitive to cold and delicate”.^[3]

The Lexicon de la Buda of 1825 already gives both: of a place, a house or a garment, “cold”, and of a person, “cold-blooded, chilly”.^[12] Scriban adds the sense “harsh” of a winter.^[13] DEX defines the word first of dwellings that are hard to heat and then of the weather and of living beings.^[5]

Timeline

• 1654 – friguros “cold” in the Romanian text of Neagoe Basarab's Teachings, the first record.^[2]
• 1801 – Klein's dictionary glosses friguros as “who soon feels cold”.^[14]
• 1825 – the Lexicon de la Buda gives the senses “cold” of places and garments and “chilly” of people.^[12]
• 1872 – friguroase “sensitive to cold” of flowers in Constantin Negruzzi's writings.^[4][3]

Meanings

Adjective

1. Of a dwelling: hard to heat, not keeping the warmth, not protecting against the cold: O cameră friguroasă la mansardă.^[5][4]
2. Having a low temperature, giving off cold; cold, chilly.^[5][15]
3. Of people and animals: that bears the cold badly, sensitive to cold; also as a noun, a person who feels the cold.^[5][4]
4. Chilled, shivering with cold; înfrigurat.^[5][4]

Related words

• frig
• înfrigurat
• Aromanian friguros
• Latin frīgus

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. friguros
3. ^ a b c d e Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. friguros
4. ^ a b c d e f Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 945
5. ^ a b c d e f DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 1, 415
6. ^ a b Pușcariu, Sextil (1905), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der rumänischen Sprache I: Lateinisches Element, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. 56
7. ^ a b Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 3514
8. ^ Candrea, I.-A.; Densusianu, Ov. (1907–1914), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române: elementele latine (A–Putea), București, p. s.v. friguros
9. ^ Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. frig
10. ^ Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 470
11. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
12. ^ a b Lesicon românescu-latinescu-ungurescu-nemțescu quare de mai mulți autori, în cursul a trideci și mai multor ani s-au lucrat (1825), Buda: Typographia Universității (the Lexicon of Buda, ed. Petru Maior et al.), p. 226
13. ^ Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 1, 528
14. ^ Gáldi, László (ed.) (1944), Samuel Klein: Dictionarium valachico-latinum. Primul dicționar al limbii române, Budapest: Királyi Magyar Pázmány Péter Tudományegyetemi Román Intézet (Klein's dictionary of 1801, with Gáldi's etymological study), p. 362
15. ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. friguros