frupt

Forms

frupt n (plural frupturi)^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin frūctus (“enjoyment, produce, fruit”), used in Romanian in the general sense “produce”.^{[2][3][4][5][6][7]} It survives as Istro-Romanian frupt.^[2][8] The Aromanian word for “fruit”, frut, has a separate source: Papahagi takes it from Italian.^[9]

Its Romance cognates include Italian frutto, Occitan fruch, French fruit, Catalan fruit and Portuguese fruto.^[2][7] Candrea and Densusianu tie the Romanian sense to pastoral life: for shepherds the chief yield of the flock was its milk, so the word for “produce” came to mean dairy produce, as Cato and Columella already used the Latin word of the yield of sheep and of milk.^[10] The REW records a similar shift in the French dialects of Vaud, Fribourg and Valais, where frö means “cheese”.^[7] The noun is in turn from Latin fruor (“to enjoy”) with the suffix -tus.^[11] The learned fruct is its doublet.^[2][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin's first record is in the Șapte taine of 1645, which allows only „frupt alb” “white food”, milk dishes without meat, on Wednesday and Friday of Cheesefare Week.^[3] The Moldavian Pravila of 1646 uses the word of the milk yield of a flock: a shepherd who sells the fruptul of his master's sheep loses his wages and is beaten.^[3][4][12]

Semantic evolution

The first sense is the milk of milking animals and what is made from it, fruptul oilor “the milk yield of the sheep”.^[4][3] Because dairy food was the staple and the Orthodox Church forbids it during the fasts, the word came to mean all the food that is not eaten in a fast, meat included, and became a synonym of dulce in that sense.^[4] To keep milk dishes apart from meat, people spoke of frupt alb, the cheese, milk and eggs allowed in Cheesefare Week.^[4][5] From the food came the time: zile de frupt are the days when it may be eaten, and in the Apuseni Mountains frupt meant the carnival season.^[4][10] MDA2 records the narrower sense of the period from the New Year to the Easter fast.^[5]

From the noun Romanian formed the reflexive verb înfrupta “to eat meat on a fast day”, later “to taste, enjoy”.^[2]

Timeline

• 1645 – frupt alb “milk dishes” in the Șapte taine, the first record.^[3]
• 1646 – fruptul of the sheep in the Moldavian Pravila of Vasile Lupu.^[3][5]
• 1893 – Damé labels it Moldavian and Banat, “milk, dairy food”, with zile de frupt “meat days”.^[13]

Meanings

Noun

1. (popular) The milk yield of milking animals; dairy products.^[6][5]
2. Food of milk, eggs, meat or fish, or made from them, that Orthodox Christians may not eat during the fasts: În postul mare nu mâncăm de frupt.^[6][5]
3. The days or the season when such food may be eaten, especially the time from the New Year to the Easter fast; cășlegi.^[5]

Word family

• înfrupta

Related words

• fruct
• Istro-Romanian frupt
• Latin frūctus

Usage notes

De frupt means the same as de dulce “non-fasting”: a mânca de frupt is to eat non-fasting food.^[6][5] Frupt alb is the milk, cheese and eggs allowed in the first week of the fast.^[5] The plural is frupturi, rarely frupte.^[5]

References

1. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. frupt
3. ^ a b c d e f Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. frupt
4. ^ a b c d e f Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. frupt
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 948
6. ^ a b c d DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 1, 417
7. ^ a b c Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 3537
8. ^ Pușcariu, Sextil (1905), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der rumänischen Sprache I: Lateinisches Element, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. 57
9. ^ Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 474
10. ^ a b Candrea, I.-A.; Densusianu, Ov. (1907–1914), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române: elementele latine (A–Putea), București, p. s.v. frupt
11. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. fructus
12. ^ Candrea, I.-A.; Adamescu, Gh. (1926–1931), Dicționarul enciclopedic ilustrat „Cartea Românească”, București: Cartea Românească, p. s.v. frupt
13. ^ Damé, Frédéric (1893–1895), Nouveau dictionnaire roumain-français, 4 vols., Bucarest: Imprimerie de l'État, p. s.v. frupt