dureros

Forms

dureros m or n (feminine singular dureroasă, masculine plural dureroși, feminine/neuter plural dureroase)^[1]

Etymology

It is formed from Romanian durere + -os: the noun durere “pain” and the adjective suffix.^[2][3][4][1] DELR gives this view and a second one: that it is the older dururos remade after the noun.^[5] The older adjective continues Latin dolōrōsus (“painful, full of sorrow”) for Teaha, or was formed on the old noun duroare.^[5][6]

The noun is formed on the verb durea “to hurt”, which Romanian inherited from doleō.^[7] The Latin adjective has descendants across Romance, among them Italian doloroso, French douloureux and Spanish doloroso, and Aromanian dururos.^[8]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin's first record is in Dosoftei in 1681, and the older form dururos is in Dosoftei's Viețile sfinților of 1682.^[6][5] DELR dates dureros “that hurts, that causes pain” to 1786, in the Varlaam și Ioasaf.^[5]

Semantic evolution

The first sense was physical: a wound, a disease or an operation that hurts.^[3][6] It soon also described what expresses pain, a cry or a face, and, figuratively, what causes grief: a sad event, a bitter memory.^[9][10] Used as an adverb it means “with pain, painfully”.^[2] The older dururos and the variants duros and duroros have dropped out of use.^[4]

Timeline

• 1681 – dureros in Dosoftei.^[6]
• 1682 – the older form dururos in Dosoftei's lives of the saints.^[5]
• 1786 – dureros “that hurts” in Varlaam și Ioasaf, DELR's first date, together with îndurera “to grieve”.^[5]
• 1865 – Pisone glosses it with Latin “dolorosus”, German “schmerzhaft” and French “douloureux”.^[11]

Meanings

Adjective

1. painful: causing physical pain, or expressing it.^[2][4][1]
2. Causing moral suffering; full of grief or bitterness: o despărțire dureroasă “a painful parting”.^[2][9]
3. (adverbial) With pain, painfully; sorrowfully.^[2][4]

Word family

• nedureros

Related words

• durea
• durere
• dururos
• îndurera

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 337
3. ^ a b Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. dureros
4. ^ a b c d Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 776
5. ^ a b c d e f Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. durea
6. ^ a b c d Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. dureros
7. ^ Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. durea
8. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 2725
9. ^ a b Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 2, 190
10. ^ Candrea, I.-A.; Adamescu, Gh. (1926–1931), Dicționarul enciclopedic ilustrat „Cartea Românească”, București: Cartea Românească, p. s.v. dureros
11. ^ Pisone, Domițian (1865), Dictionariu românescu, latinescu, germanescu și francescu, lucrat după sistemul Lexiconului de Buda, București: Typografia Ioann Weiss, p. 121