ciocolată

Forms

ciocolată f (plural ciocolate)^[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Italian cioccolata.^{[2][3][4][5][1]} DELR gives this view after Tiktin, the DA and Ciorănescu, and cites the CADE for French chocolat and German Schokolade as sources.^[6][7] MDA2 names all three.^[6][8][7] The variant șocolată follows the French form, and șocoladă is from German.^[6] The DA explains ciocoladă as a blend of the two forms, while Király takes it from Hungarian csokoládé.^[6] The Italian word is from Spanish chocolate, a loan from a language of Mexico.^[6][4] The Spanish word adapts Classical Nahuatl chocolātl, whose formation is unclear.^[9][1]

Aromanian ciuculatã is from Italian, according to Papahagi.^[10][11]

Earliest recorded meaning

DELR dates the first record to about 1770, and Tiktin to 1770.^[6][3] The DA quotes a document of 1811 naming chocolate with tea, rum and champagne.^[4]

Semantic evolution

The word first named the drink, made with chocolate dissolved in water or milk, and the solid confection made from cocoa and sugar.^[6][4] Today it names the confection first, then a bar or piece of it, and also the drink.^[5][8] In slang it can mean hashish.^[12] The derivatives are ciocolatiu “chocolate-coloured”, recorded from 1862, and ciocolatier “chocolate-factory worker”, from 1949, which follows chocolatier.^[6]

Timeline

• c. 1770 – the first record.^[6][3]
• 1811 – in a document, beside tea, rum and champagne.^[4]
• 1857 – in Polizu's Romanian–German vocabulary.^[8]
• 1862 – ciocolatiu “chocolate-coloured”.^[6]
• 1949 – ciocolatier “chocolate-factory worker”.^[6]

Meanings

Noun

1. chocolate: a food made from a solidified mixture of cocoa powder and sugar, with other ingredients added; also a bar or piece of it.^[5][8]
2. A drink made of chocolate or cocoa powder dissolved in milk or water; hot chocolate.^[5][8]
3. (slang) hashish, cannabis.^[12]

Word family

• ciocolatier
• ciocolatiu

Related words

• Aromanian ciuculatã
• Italian cioccolata

Usage notes

DEX 2009 lists the variants șocolată and ciocoladă.^[5]

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. ciocolată
3. ^ a b c Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. ciocolátă
4. ^ a b c d e Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. ciocolátă
5. ^ a b c d e DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 186
6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. ciocolátă
7. ^ a b Candrea, I.-A.; Adamescu, Gh. (1926–1931), Dicționarul enciclopedic ilustrat „Cartea Românească”, București: Cartea Românească
8. ^ a b c d e Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 405
9. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
10. ^ Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne
11. ^ Pascu, Giorge (1925), Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain, 2 vols. (I: Les éléments latins et romans; II: Les éléments grecs, turcs, slaves, albanais, germaniques, magyars, néologismes, créations immédiates, obscurs), Iași: Cultura Națională
12. ^ a b Volceanov, George (2007), Dicționar de argou al limbii române, București: Niculescu