chirurgie

Forms

chirurgie f (plural chirurgii)^[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from French chirurgie, with Latin chirurgia as a second model.^[2][3][4][1] DELR puts the Latin of the neologisms before the French, and Tiktin gives Latin alone.^[5][6] The older variant hirurghie came instead from Modern Greek χειρουργία (cheirourgía), with Russian and German Chirurgie as further models.^[5]

The Latin noun is borrowed from Ancient Greek χειρουργία (kheirourgía), formed on χειρουργός (kheirourgós, “working by hand; surgeon”), from χείρ (kheír, “hand”) and ἔργον (érgon, “work”).^[7][1][8] In French it is a learned word, Old French cirurgie about 1175 and the present spelling from about 1560.^[9] The noun for the surgeon, chirurg, is older in Romanian: DELR and Tiktin date it to 1653, from Latin chīrurgus.^[5][10]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin dates the first record to about 1780;^[6][5] DELR's first date is 1805–1817, for the variant hirurghie.^[6][5]

Semantic evolution

The sense has stayed "the branch of medicine that treats diseases by operating".^[5][2] Forms with initial h- from Greek and Russian, hirurghie and hirurgie, were common in the first half of the 19th century;^[5][11] Kogălniceanu wrote hirurgie.^[5][11] MDA2 adds the surgeon's trade and the practice of operations, and the phrases mică chirurgie “minor surgery” and chirurgie genetică “gene transfer”.^[4] The 20th century added compounds after French and German: electrochirurgie (1933), neurochirurgie (1947), microchirurgie (1978).^[5]

Timeline

• c. 1780 – first record of chirurgie.^[6]
• 1805–1817 – the variant hirurghie.^[5]
• c. 1830 – the adjective chirurgic.^[5]
• 1843 – the adjective chirurgical.^[5]
• 1947 – neurochirurgie.^[5]
• 1978 – microchirurgie.^[5]

Meanings

Noun

1. surgery: the branch of medicine that treats diseases by operations.^[2][4][1]
2. The trade of a surgeon; the practice of operating on the body.^[4]

Word family

• chirurgical
• neurochirurgie
• microchirurgie

Related words

• chirurg
• Latin chirurgia

Usage notes

Mică chirurgie is minor surgery, the operations that need no stay in hospital;^[2][12] chirurgie estetică is cosmetic surgery.^[2][12]

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 180
3. ^ Costăchescu, Adriana; Dincă, Daniela; Dragoste, Ramona; Popescu, Mihaela; Scurtu, Gabriela (2009–2010), Dicționar de împrumuturi lexicale din limba franceză (DILF), 2 vols., Craiova: Universitaria, p. s.v. chirurgie
4. ^ a b c d Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 386
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. chirurg
6. ^ a b c d Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. chirurgie
7. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
8. ^ Babiniotis, Georgios (2010), Ετυμολογικό λεξικό της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας [Etymological Dictionary of Modern Greek], Athens: Κέντρο Λεξικολογίας, p. 1653
9. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
10. ^ Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. chirurg
11. ^ a b Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 1, 416
12. ^ a b Marcu, Florin; Maneca, Constant (1986), Dicționar de neologisme, 3rd ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. s.v. chirurgie