Etymology and origin of the Romanian word ceteră
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Inherited
- First attested
- c. 1500–1520 Psaltirea Hurmuzaki More words from the 15th century
- Inherited from
- Latin cithera
- Ultimate origin
- Ancient Greek κιθάρα
Forms
ceteră f (plural ceteri)[1] Old and regional variants: ceateră, cetără, ceatără; the 16th-century psalters write ceateră: „scoală-te psaltire și ceateră” “awake, psaltery and harp” (Psalm 107).[2][3][4]
Etymology
It is inherited from Latin cithera, the popular Latin form of cithara (“lyre, cithara”).[5][6][7][4][8] The Appendix Probi of the 5th century already condemns it as a mistake for the classical form.[9][10] Latin took the word from Ancient Greek κιθάρα (kithára, “lyre”), which Beekes considers Pre-Greek.[1][11] Tiktin starts instead from the classical form and compares the change of unstressed /a/ to /e/ in palten and galben.[12]
Cognates include Italian cetera (now cetra), old Engadine Romansh tschaidra, Old Spanish cedra and Occitan cidra.[13][5][6] The same Latin word reached Romanian twice more by other routes: chitară “guitar” came through Greek or Italian, and Transylvanian țiteră through Hungarian citera according to Ciorănescu, through German according to Wiktionary.[5][1]
Earliest recorded meaning
The first record is in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki (c. 1500–1520), where ceateră renders the psalmist's harp.[4][14] The other 16th-century psalters use the word the same way: the Scheiană has „ispovediți-vă Domnului în ceateri” “give thanks to the Lord with the harp” (Psalm 32:2).[12][2]
Semantic evolution
In the old texts ceteră named a stringed instrument that cannot be identified exactly, a harp or a kind of guitar.[2][4] Dosoftei still used it for David's ten-stringed harp.[2][15] Today the word lives on as the popular name of the violin in Transylvania, Maramureș and parts of Moldavia, beside vioară, scripcă and lăută.[2][16][17] Folk poetry knows it well: „Decât c-o ceteră rea, / Mai bine cu gura mea” “rather than with a bad fiddle, better with my own voice”.[2][16]
The verb cetera meant “to play the fiddle”, and in Transylvania also “to pester, to go on at someone”.[6][5]
Timeline
- c. 1500–1520 – ceateră “harp” in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki.[14][4]
- 1570 – ceateră in Coresi's psalter.[3]
- 1632 – the verb cetera “to play the ceteră”.[6]
- 1822 – ceteraș “fiddler”.[6]
- 1825 – the diminutive ceteruică.[6]
- 1857 – the diminutive ceteruță.[6]
- 1928 – Moldavian ceterăza “to go carolling”.[6]
Meanings
Noun
- (regional, Transylvania and Maramureș) A violin, fiddle.[7][1][17]
- (obsolete) A medieval stringed instrument of the cittern or harp type, hard to identify in the old texts.[4][2][1]
Word family
- cetera
- ceteraș
- ceterea
- ceteruică
- ceteruță
Related words
- chitară
- țiteră
- Latin cithara
References
- ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. ceteră
- ^ a b Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 107:2
- ^ a b c d e f Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 368
- ^ a b c d Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. ceteră
- ^ a b c d e f g h Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. ceteră
- ^ a b DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 174
- ^ Pușcariu, Sextil (1905), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der rumänischen Sprache I: Lateinisches Element, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. 250
- ^ Cortelazzo, Manlio; Zolli, Paolo (1999), Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana, 2nd ed. by Manlio Cortelazzo and Michele A. Cortelazzo, Bologna: Zanichelli
- ^ Nocentini, Alberto; Parenti, Alessandro (2010), l'Etimologico: vocabolario della lingua italiana, Firenze: Le Monnier
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill
- ^ a b Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. ceteră
- ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 1953
- ^ a b Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 56:11
- ^ Costinescu, Mariana; Georgescu, Magdalena; Zgraon, Florentina (1987), Dicționarul limbii române literare vechi (1640–1780): termeni regionali, București: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, p. 1, 99
- ^ a b Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 1, 398
- ^ a b Ștef, Dorin (2021), Dicționar de regionalisme și arhaisme din județul Maramureș, 3rd ed., Baia Mare, p. s.v. ceteră
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Ceteră.” Etymologically, 11 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/ro/ceter%C4%83. Accessed 12 Nov. 2026.
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