Etymologically

Etymology and origin of the Romanian word ceteră

Confidence
Established
Formation
Inherited
First attested
c. 1500–1520 Psaltirea Hurmuzaki More words from the 15th century
Inherited from
Latin cithera
Ultimate origin
Ancient Greek κιθάρα

Forms

ceteră f (plural ceteri)[1] Old and regional variants: ceateră, cetără, ceatără; the 16th-century psalters write ceateră: „scoală-te psaltire și ceateră” “awake, psaltery and harp” (Psalm 107).[2][3][4]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin cithera, the popular Latin form of cithara (“lyre, cithara”).[5][6][7][4][8] The Appendix Probi of the 5th century already condemns it as a mistake for the classical form.[9][10] Latin took the word from Ancient Greek κιθάρα (kithára, “lyre”), which Beekes considers Pre-Greek.[1][11] Tiktin starts instead from the classical form and compares the change of unstressed /a/ to /e/ in palten and galben.[12]

Cognates include Italian cetera (now cetra), old Engadine Romansh tschaidra, Old Spanish cedra and Occitan cidra.[13][5][6] The same Latin word reached Romanian twice more by other routes: chitară “guitar” came through Greek or Italian, and Transylvanian țiteră through Hungarian citera according to Ciorănescu, through German according to Wiktionary.[5][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record is in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki (c. 1500–1520), where ceateră renders the psalmist's harp.[4][14] The other 16th-century psalters use the word the same way: the Scheiană has „ispovediți-vă Domnului în ceateri” “give thanks to the Lord with the harp” (Psalm 32:2).[12][2]

Semantic evolution

In the old texts ceteră named a stringed instrument that cannot be identified exactly, a harp or a kind of guitar.[2][4] Dosoftei still used it for David's ten-stringed harp.[2][15] Today the word lives on as the popular name of the violin in Transylvania, Maramureș and parts of Moldavia, beside vioară, scripcă and lăută.[2][16][17] Folk poetry knows it well: „Decât c-o ceteră rea, / Mai bine cu gura mea” “rather than with a bad fiddle, better with my own voice”.[2][16]

The verb cetera meant “to play the fiddle”, and in Transylvania also “to pester, to go on at someone”.[6][5]

Timeline

  • c. 1500–1520 – ceateră “harp” in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki.[14][4]
  • 1570 – ceateră in Coresi's psalter.[3]
  • 1632 – the verb cetera “to play the ceteră”.[6]
  • 1822 – ceteraș “fiddler”.[6]
  • 1825 – the diminutive ceteruică.[6]
  • 1857 – the diminutive ceteruță.[6]
  • 1928 – Moldavian ceterăza “to go carolling”.[6]

Meanings

Noun

  1. (regional, Transylvania and Maramureș) A violin, fiddle.[7][1][17]
  2. (obsolete) A medieval stringed instrument of the cittern or harp type, hard to identify in the old texts.[4][2][1]

Word family

  • cetera
  • ceteraș
  • ceterea
  • ceteruică
  • ceteruță

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. ceteră
  3. ^ a b Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 107:2
  4. ^ a b c d e f Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 368
  5. ^ a b c d Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. ceteră
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. ceteră
  7. ^ a b DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 174
  8. ^ Pușcariu, Sextil (1905), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der rumänischen Sprache I: Lateinisches Element, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. 250
  9. ^ Cortelazzo, Manlio; Zolli, Paolo (1999), Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana, 2nd ed. by Manlio Cortelazzo and Michele A. Cortelazzo, Bologna: Zanichelli
  10. ^ Nocentini, Alberto; Parenti, Alessandro (2010), l'Etimologico: vocabolario della lingua italiana, Firenze: Le Monnier
  11. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  12. ^ a b Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. ceteră
  13. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 1953
  14. ^ a b Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 56:11
  15. ^ Costinescu, Mariana; Georgescu, Magdalena; Zgraon, Florentina (1987), Dicționarul limbii române literare vechi (1640–1780): termeni regionali, București: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, p. 1, 99
  16. ^ a b Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 1, 398
  17. ^ a b Ștef, Dorin (2021), Dicționar de regionalisme și arhaisme din județul Maramureș, 3rd ed., Baia Mare, p. s.v. ceteră

Related etymologies

  • apă · also from Latin
  • bun · also from Latin
  • unde · also from Latin
  • veni · also from Latin
  • noi · also from Latin
  • bine · also from Latin
  • un · also from Latin
  • și · also from Latin
Cite this entry

“Ceteră.” Etymologically, 11 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/ro/ceter%C4%83. Accessed 12 Nov. 2026.

Last edited on . ·