cânepă

Forms

cânepă f (plural cânepe)^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Vulgar Latin *canapa, the spoken form of Latin cannabis (“hemp”).^[2][3][4][1] DELR writes it without a star, as an attested Latin canapa.^[5] Ciorănescu notes that Italian canapa confirms the spoken Latin form.^[3] Pușcariu and Tiktin start from a form *canepis or *cannăpis, which Tiktin thinks gave ⟨cânepă⟩ either by metathesis or through ⟨canepe⟩ and a change of declension.^[6][7] Miklosich thought of a Slavic source.^[3]

The Latin word is from Ancient Greek κάνναβις (kánnabis), a loan of unknown eastern origin, perhaps Scythian or Thracian.^[8][5] Beekes and DELR, after Chantraine, compare Sumerian kunibu.^[8][5]

The word survives in Aromanian cãnipã and Megleno-Romanian cǫnipă.^[3][5][9] Its Romance cognates include French chanvre, Occitan canebe, Catalan cànem, Spanish cáñamo and Portuguese cânhamo, and Albanian kërp is from the same Latin word.^[3][10][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin dates the first record to a document of 1422.^[7] DELR's first record is a place name of 1532, and the derivative cânepiște “hemp field” is a place name of 1582.^[5] MDA2 dates the word to a text of 1697.^[4]

Semantic evolution

The word names the textile plant and the fibre drawn from its stem.^[2][4] With the drug, Romanian took cânepă indiană for the varieties grown for narcotics.^[2] The plant's name was given to others: cânepa-codrului is hemp agrimony, and regionally cânepa-dracului is dodder.^[4][7] Jokingly cânepa dracului is a person's hair.^[7][3] The family includes cânepar, a name of the linnet, from 1840, and cânepioară from 1851–1856.^[5] Ciorănescu takes cânepiște as an adaptation of a Bulgarian word.^[3]

Timeline

• 1422 – Tiktin's first record, in a document.^[7]
• 1532 – a place name.^[5]
• 1582 – cânepiște “hemp field”, a place name.^[5]
• 1660 – cînepă in a Slavonic–Romanian lexicon.^[11]
• 1697 – MDA2's first record.^[4]
• 1840 – cânepar “linnet”.^[5]

Meanings

Noun

1. hemp (Cannabis sativa): a tall annual plant with toothed leaves and small greenish flowers, grown for the fibre of its stem and the oil of its seeds.^[2][4][1]
2. Hemp fibre drawn from the stem of the plant.^[2][12]
3. Cânepă indiană: cannabis (Cannabis indica), grown for narcotics.^[2][4][1]

Word family

• cânepar
• cânepărie
• cânepioară
• cânepiște
• cânepiu
• cânepoală

Related words

• canabis
• Aromanian cãnipã

Usage notes

The variant cânipă is eastern, cânepă western, and Banat has cânăpă.^[13][5] The Latin learned form canabis is an etymological doublet.^[5]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 163
3. ^ a b c d e f g Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. cînepă
4. ^ a b c d e f g Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 340
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. cânepă
6. ^ Pușcariu, Sextil (1905), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der rumänischen Sprache I: Lateinisches Element, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. 31
7. ^ a b c d e Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. cânepă
8. ^ a b Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill
9. ^ Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 287
10. ^ Wikționar (Romanian Wiktionary), ro.wiktionary.org
11. ^ Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. cînepă
12. ^ Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 1, 446
13. ^ Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 293