avertiza

Forms

avertiza (third-person singular present avertizează, past participle avertizat) 1st conjugation^[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from French avertir (“to warn”) in a Romanian form: DA calls it a neologism made after the French verb.^{[2][3][4][5][1]} The French verb meant at first “to turn” and “to notice”, then “to draw attention”; it comes from Vulgar Latin *advertiō, from Latin advertō (“to turn towards; to notice”), from ad- and vertō (“to turn”).^[3][6]

Earliest recorded meaning

DELR's first record is in Alecsandri, 1859, with the sense “to warn someone of a danger”.^[3]

Semantic evolution

Besides “to warn of a danger”, it means “to warn someone of the penalty that will follow a fault”.^[7] The related noun avertisment “warning”, from French avertissement, is recorded from 1864, in the Penal Code.^[3] Avertizor “warning device”, from French avertisseur, dates from 1935; it has recently been applied to persons in avertizor de integritate, a rendering of English whistleblower.^[3]

Timeline

• 1859 – first record, in Alecsandri.^[3]
• 1864 – avertisment in the Penal Code.^[3]
• 1868 – in Barcianu's dictionary.^[8]
• 1935 – avertizor “warning device” in Mihail Sebastian.^[3]

Meanings

Verb

1. (transitive) To warn, to draw someone's attention to a danger or to the consequences of an action.^[4][7][1]
2. (transitive) To caution someone about the penalty for a fault.^[7]

Word family

• avertisment

Related words

• French avertir

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. avertiza
3. ^ a b c d e f g h Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. avertiza
4. ^ a b DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 81
5. ^ Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. avertiza
6. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert, p. s.v. avertir
7. ^ a b c Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 146
8. ^ Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. avertiza