asuda

Forms

asuda (third-person singular present asudă, past participle asudat, third-person subjunctive asude) 1st conjugation^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin assūdāre (“to sweat”), attested as adsūdāre, from ad- and sūdō (“to sweat”).^[2][3][4][5] Only Romanian kept the prefixed verb; the other Romance languages continue the simple verb: Italian sudare, French suer, Spanish sudar, Portuguese suar.^[2][4][6] Scriban and the REW start from exsūdāre instead, and Tiktin from the simple verb.^[2][7] Wiktionary also takes the simple verb as the source and sees in the ⟨a-⟩ a later prefix with no meaning of its own, as in many Aromanian verbs.^[1] De Vaan derives the Latin verb probably from a noun *swoyd-o- (“sweat”), from *sweyd- (“to sweat”).^[1]

The verb survives south of the Danube: Aromanian asud and Megleno-Romanian sud, also ansud.^[3][8][9]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record is a document of 1620, with the sense “to sweat”.^[2][7] In Ureche's chronicle (c. 1642–1647) the Turks, having subdued the Moldavians, „de câteva ori i-au asudat rocoșindu-se” “several times they made them sweat when they rose up”.^[7][10]

Semantic evolution

Besides the physical sense, Ureche's transitive use “to make someone sweat, give someone trouble” is old, and “to toil, work hard” follows from it.^[7][5][10] Of window panes and walls the verb means “to steam up”.^[7][5]

Several ironic phrases build on it: a asuda sub limbă, said of someone who boasts of hard work without having done any, and a nu-i asuda nici limba;^[5][10][7] a nu asuda de ceva means “not to care about something”, as in Alecsandri.^[5][10][7]

The family came early: asudător “sweating, sudorific” and asudătură “sweat” in Corbea's dictionary (1691–1697), the back-formation asud “sweat; the grease of sheep's wool” (1783), asudeală (1829) and asudătoare “steam bath” (1851).^[2]

Timeline

• 1620 – the first record, in a document.^[2][7]
• c. 1642–1647 – i-au asudat “made them sweat” in Ureche's chronicle.^[7][10]
• 1691–1697 – asudător and asudătură in Teodor Corbea's dictionary.^[2]
• 1783 – the noun asud in Benkő.^[2]
• 1829 – asudeală “sweat”.^[2]
• 1851 – asudătoare “steam bath”.^[2]
• 1891 – asudoare, a Transylvanian word, after sudoare.^[2]

Meanings

Verb

1. (intransitive) To sweat, perspire.^[5][10][1]
2. (intransitive) Of glass, walls and the like: to steam up.^[5][7]
3. (intransitive, figurative) To toil, work hard.^[5][10]
4. (transitive, rare) To make someone sweat; figuratively, to give someone a lot of work or trouble.^[10][7]

Word family

• asud
• asudat
• asudător
• asudătură
• asudeală
• asudoare

Related words

• sudoare
• transpira
• năduși

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. asuda
3. ^ a b Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. asuda
4. ^ a b Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. asuda
5. ^ a b c d e f g h DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 70
6. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 3076
7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. asuda
8. ^ Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 172
9. ^ Capidan, Theodor (1935), Meglenoromânii III: Dicționar meglenoromân, București: Academia Română, p. 279
10. ^ a b c d e f g h Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 117