arde

Forms

arde (first-person singular present ard, third-person singular present arde, past participle ars, third-person subjunctive ardă or, archaic and regional, arză), third conjugation^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin ardēre (“to burn”), through a Vulgar Latin *ardĕre that moved the verb into the third conjugation.^[2][3][4][1] DELR considers the shift probably Latin, since Italian, Sardinian, Friulian, Engadine, Old French and Occitan share it, and Tiktin compares the Italian verb.^[3][5] DELR adds that the Latin verb shares its root with ārēre (“to be dry”).^[3]

The verb survives in all four branches: Aromanian ardu, Megleno-Romanian ard and Istro-Romanian årde.^[2][3][6][7] It is found throughout Romance: Dalmatian ardar, Italian ardere, Old French ardre, Occitan ardre, Catalan arder, Spanish arder and Portuguese arder.^[2][8]

Earliest recorded meaning

DELR dates the verb to the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki (c. 1500–1520), with the sense “to burn”.^[3] The psalter has the participle ars and the past arseră “they burned” as well.^[9] Tiktin's first record is the Psaltirea Scheiană of the 16th century, and MDA2 gives Varlaam's Cazania of 1643.^[5][4]

Semantic evolution

From “to be on fire” and “to destroy by fire” the verb came to mean giving off light or great heat, firing clay and cauterizing a wound.^[10][3] Figurative senses followed: to sting or hurt, to blush, to have a fever, and to be consumed by a strong feeling.^[2][10] Colloquial Romanian uses it for dealing someone a blow, for cheating someone, and with the dative for having a mind to do something: nu-mi arde de glume “I am in no mood for jokes”.^[10][3][1] DELR records a Transylvanian sense “to realise suddenly”.^[3]

The pepper word ardei (1665–1690) is a derivative named after its hot taste, the view of Hasdeu, Tiktin, the DA and DEX.^[3] Körting derived it from a Latin *ardivus, which Densusianu rejected;^[2] Ciorănescu thinks it is an old plural of a diminutive *ardel.^[2] Hungarian borrowed it as árdelj.^[2] The noun arsură “burn”, from Latin arsūra, is recorded earlier than the verb, as the place name Arsura in 1451.^[3] The noun ardere is first a sacrifice (1570); its sense of combustion in chemistry and biology dates from about 1880 and follows French combustion and German Verbrennung.^[3]

Timeline

• c. 1500–1520 – arde “to burn”, with arsă “burnt offering”, in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki.^[3][9]
• 1570 – ardere “sacrifice” in Coresi's psalter.^[3]
• 1577 – arzător “burning”.^[3]
• 1582 – arsătură “burn; burnt offering” in the Palia de la Orăștie.^[3]
• 1643 – arde in Varlaam's Cazania.^[4]
• 1660 – the forms arde, ars, arseră in a Slavonic–Romanian lexicon.^[11]
• 1665–1690 – ardei “pepper” in the Cantacuzino chronicle.^[3]
• 1675 – arșiță “scorching heat” in Miron Costin.^[3]
• c. 1880 – ardere in the modern sense “combustion” in Eminescu.^[3]

Meanings

Verb

1. (intransitive) Of a fire, to be alight; to burn, be consumed by fire.^[10][1]
2. (transitive) To set fire to, destroy by fire; to spoil food by overcooking: s-a ars friptura.^[10][4]
3. (transitive) To heat strongly; to fire pottery or bricks; to sterilize or cauterize with a flame.^[10]
4. (intransitive) To give off light; to shine; of the sun, to give off great heat.^[10][3]
5. (transitive and reflexive) To hurt with something hot; to sting, cause a sharp pain.^[10][3]
6. (colloquial) To deal a blow: i-a ars două palme.^[10]
7. (colloquial) To cheat, swindle; reflexive, to be taken in.^[10][1]
8. (intransitive) To blush; to have a fever;^[10][2] (figurative) to be filled with a strong feeling.^[10][2]
9. (impersonal, with the dative) a-i arde de ceva: to feel like doing something.^[10][1]

Word family

• ardească
• ardei
• ardeia
• ardere
• ardiște
• ars
• arsătură
• arsură
• arșiță
• arzător

Related words

• ardent
• ardoare
• Aromanian ardu

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. arde
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. arde
4. ^ a b c d Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 91
5. ^ a b Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. arde
6. ^ Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne
7. ^ Kovačec, August (1998), Istrorumunjsko-hrvatski rječnik (s gramatikom i tekstovima), Pula
8. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 620
9. ^ a b Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro
10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 59
11. ^ Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro