Etymologically

Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word sobreviver

Confidence
Established
Formation
Borrowing
First attested
1720 Bluteau's Vocabulario portuguez e latino More words from the 18th century
Borrowed from
Latin supervivo
Ultimate origin
Latin vīvō
Etymology tree
inherited borrowed derived
Latin vīvō
French vivre
Italian vivere
Portuguese viver
Spanish vivir
Latin supervīvō
Spanish sobrevivir
Portuguese sobreviver
From the same root
English viva ← vīvō
Italian avaccio ← vīvō
Latin convivō ← vīvō
Latin revīvīscō ← vīvō
Latin vīctus ← vīvō
Latin vīta ← vīvō
Latin vīvāx ← vīvō
Latin vīvēscō ← vīvō
Latin vīvidus ← vīvō
Spanish vivaz ← vīvō
French survivre ← vivre
French vivant ← vivre

Pronunciation

  • Brazil: /so.bɾe.viˈve(ʁ)/, [so.bɾe.viˈve(h)][1]
  • São-Paulo: /so.bɾe.viˈve(ɾ)/[1]
  • Rio-de-Janeiro: /so.bɾe.viˈve(ʁ)/, [so.bɾe.viˈve(χ)][1]
  • Caipira: /so.bɾe.viˈve(ɻ)/[1]

Forms

sobreviver (first-person singular present sobrevivo, first-person singular preterite sobrevivi, past participle sobrevivido)[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Latin supervīvō (“to outlive, survive”), first recorded in Bluteau's dictionary.[2][3][4][5][1] Aulete and Michaelis analyse the Portuguese word as sobre- and viver, the outcome of the Latin parts.[6][7]

The Latin verb is formed from super- (“over, beyond”) and vīvō (“to live”); it appears after the Augustan age, usually with a dative of the person or thing outlived.[8][9][1] The same Latin verb is Spanish sobrevivir, and French survivre and Italian sopravvivere are its cognates.[10][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Bluteau's entry, in the volume of 1720, glosses sobreviver as “to outlive” (viver em dias) and translates se eu sobreviver “if I survive” with Latin si superstes fuero.[11][2] Houaiss notes that the noun is recorded as supervivencia before 1697.[12]

Semantic evolution

Morais (1789) defines the verb only as “to outlive someone, live longer than him and for a time after his death”.[13] The 19th-century dictionaries widen it to anything that goes on existing after something else, and figuratively “to withstand”: the original Caldas Aulete quotes a church that has survived the most violent crises.[6] Modern dictionaries add “to come through a danger alive” and “to get by with the bare minimum”.[4][5][2]

Timeline

  • 1720 – Bluteau's dictionary has sobreviver and sobrevivência.[2][12]
  • 1789 – Morais: “to outlive someone”.[13]
  • 1813 – Cunha's first date for the verb.[3]
  • 1858 – first record of sobrevivente “survivor”.[14]
  • 1871 – Vieira quotes Garrett's Catão for the sense “to outlive”.[15]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To survive, stay alive after a danger, accident or disaster: Só dois passageiros sobreviveram ao naufrágio.[2][4][1]
  2. (with a) To outlive someone: Ela sobreviveu ao irmão vinte anos.[2][4][1]
  3. To go on existing after something, in spite of it.[2][4]
  4. To get by, have the bare means to live: Sobrevivem com um salário mínimo.[5][4]
  5. (figurative) To hold out, withstand.[16][6]

Word family

  • sobrevivência
  • sobrevivente

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. sobreviver
  3. ^ a b Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. sobreviver
  4. ^ a b c d e f Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. sobreviver
  5. ^ a b c Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 8576
  6. ^ a b c Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. sobreviver
  7. ^ Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. sobreviver
  8. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. superuīuō
  9. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. s.v. supervivo
  10. ^ Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. sobrevivir
  11. ^ Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. sobreviver
  12. ^ a b Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. sobrevivência
  13. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 2, 410
  14. ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. sobrevivente
  15. ^ Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 5, 556
  16. ^ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. sobreviver

Related etymologies

Cite this entry

“Sobreviver.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/sobreviver. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.

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