Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word sobreviver
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Borrowing
- First attested
- 1720 Bluteau's Vocabulario portuguez e latino More words from the 18th century
- Borrowed from
- Latin supervivo
- Ultimate origin
- Latin vīvō
Etymology tree
From the same root
Pronunciation
Forms
sobreviver (first-person singular present sobrevivo, first-person singular preterite sobrevivi, past participle sobrevivido)[1]
Etymology
It is borrowed from Latin supervīvō (“to outlive, survive”), first recorded in Bluteau's dictionary.[2][3][4][5][1] Aulete and Michaelis analyse the Portuguese word as sobre- and viver, the outcome of the Latin parts.[6][7]
The Latin verb is formed from super- (“over, beyond”) and vīvō (“to live”); it appears after the Augustan age, usually with a dative of the person or thing outlived.[8][9][1] The same Latin verb is Spanish sobrevivir, and French survivre and Italian sopravvivere are its cognates.[10][1]
Earliest recorded meaning
Bluteau's entry, in the volume of 1720, glosses sobreviver as “to outlive” (viver em dias) and translates se eu sobreviver “if I survive” with Latin si superstes fuero.[11][2] Houaiss notes that the noun is recorded as supervivencia before 1697.[12]
Semantic evolution
Morais (1789) defines the verb only as “to outlive someone, live longer than him and for a time after his death”.[13] The 19th-century dictionaries widen it to anything that goes on existing after something else, and figuratively “to withstand”: the original Caldas Aulete quotes a church that has survived the most violent crises.[6] Modern dictionaries add “to come through a danger alive” and “to get by with the bare minimum”.[4][5][2]
Timeline
- 1720 – Bluteau's dictionary has sobreviver and sobrevivência.[2][12]
- 1789 – Morais: “to outlive someone”.[13]
- 1813 – Cunha's first date for the verb.[3]
- 1858 – first record of sobrevivente “survivor”.[14]
- 1871 – Vieira quotes Garrett's Catão for the sense “to outlive”.[15]
Meanings
Verb
- To survive, stay alive after a danger, accident or disaster: Só dois passageiros sobreviveram ao naufrágio.[2][4][1]
- (with a) To outlive someone: Ela sobreviveu ao irmão vinte anos.[2][4][1]
- To go on existing after something, in spite of it.[2][4]
- To get by, have the bare means to live: Sobrevivem com um salário mínimo.[5][4]
- (figurative) To hold out, withstand.[16][6]
Word family
- sobrevivência
- sobrevivente
Related words
- viver
- Spanish sobrevivir
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. sobreviver
- ^ a b Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. sobreviver
- ^ a b c d e f Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. sobreviver
- ^ a b c Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 8576
- ^ a b c Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. sobreviver
- ^ Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. sobreviver
- ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. superuīuō
- ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. s.v. supervivo
- ^ Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. sobrevivir
- ^ Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. sobreviver
- ^ a b Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. sobrevivência
- ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 2, 410
- ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. sobrevivente
- ^ Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 5, 556
- ^ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. sobreviver
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Sobreviver.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/sobreviver. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.
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