rugir

Forms

rugir (first-person singular present rujo, first-person singular preterite rugi, past participle rugido)^[1] The medieval form was rogir (13th century); rugir is recorded from the 14th century, and rrogiam in the 15th.^[2][3][4]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin rūgiō (“to roar, bellow”), written Old Galician-Portuguese rogir in the oldest texts.^[2][3][4][5] Wiktionary instead takes it as possibly a learned borrowing from the Latin word.^[1] García de Diego calls Spanish rugir a learned word, but counts Galician rogir among the popular outcomes.^[1][6]

The same Latin verb is Romanian rugi, Italian ruggire, Old French ruir and Old Spanish ruir.^[7][1] Crossed with a verb for braying, it gave French bruire and Galician bruar (“to roar”).^[8][7]

The Latin verb, recorded from Suetonius and used of lions and deer, is of imitative origin according to the OLD.^[9][10] De Vaan compares Ancient Greek ἐρεύγομαι (ereúgomai, “to roar”) and ὠρυγή (ōrugḗ, “roaring”), and finds a link with ērūgō (“to belch”) unlikely.^[9]

Earliest recorded meaning

In the Cantigas de Santa Maria the crowd begins to clamour while the women weep and wail: e log' a gente fillou-ss' a rogir / e as molleres chorar e carpir.^[4] A satirical cantiga uses it of a buzzing in the ear, rogindo come abesouro “buzzing like a beetle”.^[4][11]

Semantic evolution

The medieval verb meant to make a noise, to clamour or buzz.^[4][11] The early dictionaries gloss it with Latin words for creaking and hissing, and Barbosa (1611) has rugir as orelhas “the ears ring”.^[12][13] Bluteau (1712) gives the lion's roar first, and also the rumbling of the belly and the rustle of silk.^[14] Morais (1789) adds “to be whispered about as certain”, from a text that has the old form rogir.^[15] The modern dictionaries keep the roar of big cats, the roaring of wind and storms, the rustling of skirts dragged on the floor and the soft murmur of leaves.^[2][16]

Timeline

• 13th century – rogir in the Cantigas de Santa Maria.^[4][2]
• 14th century – first records of the form rugir.^[2][3]
• 15th century – the spelling rrogiam.^[2]
• 1569 – Cardoso's dictionary lists rugir.^[12]
• 1611 – Barbosa records rugir as orelhas.^[13]
• 1712 – Bluteau defines it as the roaring of the lion.^[14]
• 1789 – Morais adds the sense “to be rumoured”.^[15]

Meanings

Verb

1. (intransitive) To roar, of a lion or other wild animal.^[2][16][1]
2. (intransitive) To make a sound like a roar: O mar rugia contra as rochas.^[2][16]
3. (transitive, intransitive) To drag along the floor with a rustling sound, as long silk skirts do.^[2][16]
4. (intransitive) To murmur softly, as leaves in the breeze.^[2][16]
5. (intransitive) To resound, to echo.^[2][16]
6. (transitive) To utter furiously, to bellow: rugir ameaças.^[2][17]

Noun

1. A roar; a loud rumble.^[2][18]

Word family

• rugido
• ruge-ruge

Related words

• ruído
• Latin rūgiō
• Spanish rugir

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. rugir
3. ^ a b c Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. rugir
4. ^ a b c d e f Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. rogir
5. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. rugir
6. ^ García de Diego, Vicente (1985), Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico, 2nd ed., Madrid: Espasa-Calpe (1st ed. 1954), p. s.v. rugire
7. ^ a b Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 7438
8. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert, p. s.v. bruire
9. ^ a b de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. rūgiō
10. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. rūgiō
11. ^ a b Universo Cantigas: Glosario da poesía medieval profana galego-portuguesa, A Coruña: Instituto da Lingua e Literatura (ILLA), Universidade da Coruña, https://www.universocantigas.gal, p. s.v. rogir
12. ^ a b Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. rugir
13. ^ a b Barbosa, Agostinho (1611), Dictionarium lusitanicolatinum, Braga: Fructuoso Lourenço de Basto (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. rugir
14. ^ a b Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. rugir
15. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 2, 360
16. ^ a b c d e f Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. rugir
17. ^ Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. rugir
18. ^ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. rugir