padrão

Forms

padrão m (plural padrões)^[1] Old Galician-Portuguese wrote padron;^[2][3][4] Houaiss also records padroes (12th century) and padrom (14th century).^[2][3][4]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin patrōnus (“patron, protector”), written Old Galician-Portuguese padron in the oldest texts.^[4][2][1][5] Nascentes explains the ending as a change of suffix, and the sense “model” as a change from the old sense “protector”.^[6] It is a doublet of the semi-learned patrão and the learned patrono.^[4][1] Vieira took it from French patron.^[7]

The same Latin word is Galician padrón, Spanish padrón “standard measure”, Italian padrone “master” and the learned Italian patrono.^[8][1] The Latin noun is formed from pater (“father”) on the model of colōnus.^[9][1]

For the stone pillar of the explorers and the landmark, Houaiss, Nascentes, Aurélio, the DLP, Priberam and Wiktionary give a separate source: an alteration of pedrão, the augmentative of pedra “stone”.^{[4][6][10][5][11][1]} Morais (1789) and Vieira enter all the senses under one heading.^[12][7]

Earliest recorded meaning

Lorenzo's chronology cites a charter of 1259, perlado et padron da eygreygya “prelate and patron of the church”, and one of 1261, de padroes et de herdeyros “of patrons and heirs”.^[3] In the Cantigas de Santa Maria Saint James is the padron d'Espanna “patron of Spain”, and in a cantiga d'escarnho of Alfonso X padron is the register in which the soldiers' pay was entered.^[3][13]

Semantic evolution

The old sense “patron saint; holder of the right to present a parish priest” is in a document of 1303 cited by Viterbo.^[14] Cardoso (1569) and Pereira (1697) gloss padrão as “original”, Latin antigraphum.^[15][16] Morais in 1789 has the stone column with arms or an inscription that the Portuguese discoverers set up in new lands, the model of weights and measures kept in the town halls, and an authentic deed, as in padrões de juro.^[12] Houaiss dates the measurement standard to 1720, Cunha to 1813.^[4][2] From the official model came the general senses “standard, norm” and “decorative pattern”, and in sociolinguistics the short form of língua padrão.^[4][10] Vieira already calls the sense “patron” obsolete.^[7]

Timeline

• 1142 – a Latin charter has padronem, which Houaiss takes as the first record of the stone sense.^[4]
• 1259 – padron “patron” in a charter.^[3]
• 1200s – padron d'Espanna in the Cantigas de Santa Maria.^[3]
• 1303 – Padrom “patron of a church” in a document cited by Viterbo.^[14]
• 1416 – padrom in the Vida de Santo Aleixo.^[17]
• 1446 – Houaiss's first date, from the Ordenações Afonsinas.^[4]
• 1569 – Cardoso glosses it as “original”.^[15]
• 1720 – the sense “standard of measure”, according to Houaiss.^[4]
• 1789 – Morais lists the stone pillar of the discoverers and the town hall standard of weights and measures.^[12]

Meanings

Noun

1. A standard, a basis of comparison approved by consensus or by an official body.^[4][5][1]
2. The official model of a unit of weight or measure.^[4][10]
3. A model or type; an object that serves as the model for others.^[4][10][1]
4. A decorative pattern on fabric, tiles or wallpaper.^[4][10][1]
5. A normal level of quality or quantity: um hotel de padrão elevado.^[4]
6. (historical) An authentic deed or title of a right.^[4][11]
7. (economics) padrão monetário, the legal value of a country's monetary unit.^[4]
8. A stone pillar that Portuguese navigators set up in the lands they discovered.^[4][5][1]
9. A commemorative stone monument; a marco, a landmark.^[4][11]
10. (Portugal, regional) An arch decorated with greenery and flowers for festivals and pilgrimages.^[5]
11. (sociolinguistics) Short for língua padrão, the standard language.^[4]

Adjective

1. (invariable) Standard, following the norm.^[5][1]
2. (invariable) Conventionally attractive.^[1]

Word family

• padronizar
• padronização

Related words

• patrão
• patrono
• padroeiro
• Galician padrón

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. padrão
3. ^ a b c d e f Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. padron
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. padrão
5. ^ a b c d e f Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. padrão
6. ^ a b Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. padrão
7. ^ a b c Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 4, 622
8. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 6300
9. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. patrōnus
10. ^ a b c d e Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. padrão
11. ^ a b c Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. padrão
12. ^ a b c Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 2, 145
13. ^ Universo Cantigas: Glosario da poesía medieval profana galego-portuguesa, A Coruña: Instituto da Lingua e Literatura (ILLA), Universidade da Coruña, https://www.universocantigas.gal, p. s.v. padron
14. ^ a b Viterbo, Joaquim de Santa Rosa de (1798–1799), Elucidario das palavras, termos e frases que em Portugal antiguamente se usárão, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 2, 194
15. ^ a b Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. padrão
16. ^ Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. padrão
17. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. padrom