outubro

Forms

outubro m (plural outubros)^[1] Old Galician-Portuguese also wrote oytubro or oitubro (from 1267) and oytubre (1437, 1447); Houaiss has octubro in the 15th century.^[2][3] Feijó (1734) still lists oitubro, and Aurélio records it as an obsolete variant.^[4][5] Outubro, with a capital, was the spelling until 1943 in Brazil and until the 1990 agreement in Portugal; the abbreviations are out. and the old 8br.º.^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Late Latin Octōbrius, a late form of Latin Octōber, written Old Galician-Portuguese outubro and Old Galician-Portuguese oytubro in the oldest texts.^[1][2][3][6] Nascentes explains the ⟨u⟩ of the stem by a metaphony that had already changed the word in Latin, where inscriptions write octuber, and the final ⟨o⟩ by analogy with the other months, all of which except abril end in it.^[7] Aurélio speaks of a change of declension, and the Porto dictionary starts from a Latin form with ⟨u⟩.^[5][8] Nascentes puts the old Old Galician-Portuguese oitubro down to wavering between ⟨ou⟩ and ⟨oi⟩ or to the influence of oito.^[7]

The same Latin word is Galician outubre, Old Spanish ochubre and Italian ottobre.^[2][9][1]

The Latin adjective, used mostly with mensis (“month”), named the eighth month of the old Roman year, which began in March; with the Julian reform it became the tenth.^[3][10] It is formed on octō (“eight”) on the model of December.^[10][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Latin charters of the north-west already date by the month, as in kls octubris (883) and idus octubris (1001).^[2] The first Galician-Portuguese dates are tres dias andados d'outubru “three days into October” in a charter of 1261 and no mes de oytubro “in the month of October” in one of 1267 from Portel.^[2] Houaiss dates the word to 1391 from Cunha's medieval index.^[3]

Semantic evolution

The word has always named the month.^[3][6] Bluteau (1712) explains that it was the eighth month in Romulus's reckoning, and tells how the Romans gave back the old names to this month and to September after the emperors had renamed them.^[11] Caldas Aulete quotes Eça de Queirós using it in a figure for a dark season that announces great changes.^[12]

The word passed into the Portuguese-based creoles as otubru in Kabuverdianu and otubru in Guinea-Bissau Creole, and into Tetum as outubru.^[1]

Timeline

• 883 – a Latin charter writes kls octubris.^[2]
• 1261 – d'outubru in a charter.^[2]
• 1267 – no mes de oytubro in a charter from Portel.^[2][3]
• 1367 – XXIX dias d'outubro, the modern form.^[2]
• 1391 – Houaiss's date, from Cunha's index.^[3]
• 1447 – oytubre beside setenbre.^[2]
• 1569 – Cardoso translates it with Latin October.^[13]
• 1734 – Feijó lists oitubro as a variant.^[4]
• 1789 – Morais defines it as the tenth month, between September and November.^[14]

Meanings

Noun

1. October, the tenth month of the Julian and Gregorian calendars, with 31 days.^[3][1][5]
2. (history) The eighth month of the old Roman calendar.^[8]

Related words

• oito
• setembro
• novembro
• Latin October
• Galician outubre
• Spanish octubre

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. oytubro
3. ^ a b c d e f g h Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. outubro
4. ^ a b Feijó, João de Morais Madureira (1734), Orthographia, ou Arte de escrever, e pronunciar com acerto a lingua portugueza, Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. outubro
5. ^ a b c Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. outubro
6. ^ a b Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. outubro
7. ^ a b Nascentes, Antenor (1952), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, vol. 2: Nomes próprios, Rio de Janeiro, p. s.v. outubro
8. ^ a b Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 6784
9. ^ García de Diego, Vicente (1985), Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico, 2nd ed., Madrid: Espasa-Calpe (1st ed. 1954), p. s.v. october
10. ^ a b Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
11. ^ Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. outubro
12. ^ Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. outubro
13. ^ Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. outubro
14. ^ Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 2, 143