monarquia

Forms

monarquia f (plural monarquias)^[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Latin monarchia (“absolute rule, monarchy”), from Ancient Greek μοναρχία (monarkhía, “rule by one person”).^[2][3][1] Nascentes and Aurélio note that it came by the learned route.^[3][4]

The Greek noun is derived from μόναρχος (mónarkhos, “sole ruler”), a compound of μόνος (mónos, “alone”) and the stem of ἄρχω (árkhō, “to lead, rule”).^[5][6] In Latin it is post-classical, used by Tertullian and Lactantius for what classical prose called regnum.^[7] In Portuguese the word is analysed as mono- and -arquia.^[2][1] monarca, from Latin monarcha, is older, recorded from the 14th century.^[6]

The same Latin word is Spanish monarquía, Catalan monarquia, French monarchie and Italian monarchia.^[8][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Houaiss's first date is 1553, for the sense “form of government with a king at its head”.^[2]

Semantic evolution

Bluteau (1712–1728) explains the word from Greek “one” and “rule” and applies it to great kingdoms or empires under one absolute lord; following his authors he distinguishes a monarquia, taken by one man's force without the people's consent, from a reino, whose ruler the people chose freely.^[9] His book of synonyms calls monarchy the most perfect form of government, because the one rule of a single prince imitates God's government of the world.^[10]

The 19th-century dictionaries distinguish the monarquia absoluta, constitucional, hereditária and eletiva.^[11][12] In Brazil the word also names the Empire of 1822–1889, under Pedro I and Pedro II.^[13] In Rio Grande do Sul it means the way of life of the gaúcho horseman called monarca, a fine and proud rider.^[2][13][11]

Timeline

• 1553 – first date in Houaiss.^[2]
• 1697 – Pereira glosses Monarquia with Latin monarchia.^[14]
• 1712–1728 – Bluteau sets monarquia against reino.^[9]
• 1755 – Folqman glosses it with the Latin word and marks it as Greek.^[15]
• 1871–1874 – Vieira enters the word and quotes it in the spelling monarchia.^[16]

Meanings

Noun

1. monarchy: a form of government in which the head of state is a king, queen, emperor or the like, usually hereditary.^{[2][17][18][1]}
2. A state governed by a monarca.^[2][4][19]
3. (Rio Grande do Sul) The life and manner of a monarca, a gaúcho who rides with skill and elegance.^[2][4][13]

Related words

• monarca
• monárquico
• Latin monarchia
• Ancient Greek μοναρχία (monarkhía)
• Spanish monarquía

Usage notes

Monarquia absoluta is a monarchy in which all power is in the monarch's hands;^[19][12] monarquia constitucional, one in which a constitution limits it.^[19][12] Monarquia is also a form of the verb monarquiar.^[11]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. monarquia
3. ^ a b Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. monarquia
4. ^ a b c Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. monarquia
5. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. μοναρχία
6. ^ a b Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. monarca
7. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. s.v. monarchia
8. ^ Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. monarquía
9. ^ a b Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. monarquia
10. ^ Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. monarquia, Vocabulario de synonymos
11. ^ a b c Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. monarquia
12. ^ a b c Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. monarquia
13. ^ a b c Schlee, Aldyr Garcia (2019), Dicionário da Cultura Pampeana Sul-Rio-Grandense, 2 vols., Pelotas: Fructos do Paiz, p. s.v. monarquia
14. ^ Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. monarquia
15. ^ Folqman, Carlos (1755), Diccionario portuguez, e latino, Lisboa: Régia Officina Silviana (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. monarquia
16. ^ Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 4, 299
17. ^ Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. monarquia
18. ^ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. monarquia
19. ^ a b c Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 6272