galopar

Forms

galopar (first-person singular present galopo, first-person singular preterite galopei, past participle galopado)^[1] Old spellings are gallopar (15th century) and agallopar, which Cunha also dates to the 15th century.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is borrowed from French galoper (“to gallop”).^[2][3][4] Priberam and Michaelis instead analyse it as from Portuguese galope + -ar, the noun having come from French galop in the 14th century.^[5][6][3][7] The French verb, recorded about 1155, is a variant of gualoper (about 1140); Bloch and Wartburg derive it from Frankish *wala hlaupan (“to run well”), formed from *hlaupan (“to leap, to run”), but the sense of *wala (“well”) is unclear, and Guiraud prefers a link with galir (“to dash”).^[8][9] Older Portuguese scholarship took the word directly from the Germanic verb, or, with Cortesão, from Spanish galopar.^[10][11] The Spanish verb is from French as well.^[12]

Earliest recorded meaning

Houaiss dates the verb to the 15th century from Cunha's medieval index, spelt gallopar;^[13] Cunha puts it in the 16th century, with agallopar in the 15th.^[2][3] The noun is older: the Crónica Troiana has fazio yr ao galope contra troyanos “made [them] go at full gallop against the Trojans”.^[13]

Semantic evolution

Bluteau (1712–1728) enters the word as galopear, from Italian galoppare or French galoper, and Morais (1813) refers galopar to that form.^[14][15] Vieira (1871–1874) adds figurative senses: to do something hastily, and of a fever or fear, to torment someone.^[16] The railway sense, of carriages pitching up and down at speed, is recorded from the old Caldas Aulete and Figueiredo.^[17][11] Today the verb is also used of anything that moves or develops very fast.^[4][18] In Brazil galopear is a parallel form.^[9]

Timeline

• 14th century – the noun galope.^[3][7]
• 15th century – gallopar and agallopar.^[2][3]
• 16th century – Cunha's century for galopar.^[3]
• 1712–1728 – Bluteau enters galopear.^[14]
• 1813 – Morais refers galopar to galopear.^[15]
• 1871–1874 – Vieira records figurative senses.^[16]

Meanings

Verb

1. (intransitive) Of a horse: to gallop.^[2][9][4]
2. (intransitive) To ride a galloping horse.^[2][9][6]
3. (transitive) To cover a distance at a gallop: galopou dez léguas numa tarde.^[2][9][4]
4. (intransitive) To run headlong, to bolt or flee in disorder.^[2][6]
5. (intransitive, figurative) To go or develop very fast.^[4][18][5]
6. (intransitive) Of a railway carriage: to pitch up and down in motion.^[5][11]

Word family

• galopante

Related words

• galope
• galopear
• galopim
• French galoper
• Spanish galopar

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. galopar
3. ^ a b c d e f g Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. galope
4. ^ a b c d e Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. galopar
5. ^ a b c Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. galopar
6. ^ a b c Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. galopar
7. ^ a b Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. galope
8. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert, p. s.v. galoper
9. ^ a b c d e Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. galopar
10. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1955), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, vol. 1: Nomes comuns, Rio de Janeiro (1st ed. 1932, preface by W. Meyer-Lübke), p. s.v. galopar
11. ^ a b c Figueiredo, Cândido de (1899), Novo diccionário da língua portuguesa, 1st ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Tavares Cardoso & Irmão, p. 650
12. ^ Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. galopar
13. ^ a b Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. galope
14. ^ a b Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. galopear
15. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 2, 76
16. ^ a b Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 3, 827
17. ^ Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. galopar
18. ^ a b Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 4584