Etymologically

verliezen

Etymology and origin of the Dutch word verliezen

Confidence
Established
Formation
Inherited
First attested
1151–1200, Old Dutch (Rhineland rhymed Bible)
Inherited from
Proto-Germanic *fraleusaną via Middle Dutch, Old Dutch
Ultimate origin
Proto-Germanic *leusaną

Pronunciation

  • /vərˈlizə(n)/[1]

Forms

verliezen[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Middle Dutch verliesen, inherited from Old Dutch farliesan, inherited from Proto-Germanic *fraleusaną (“to lose”), made with the prefix *fra- (Dutch ver-) on a strong verb *leusaną that no Germanic language has recorded without a prefix.[2][1][3] The same verb is Old Saxon farliosan, Old High German farliosan (modern German verlieren), Old Frisian forliāsa, Old English forlēosan, of which only the participle English forlorn survives, and Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 (fraliusan).[2][4][5] Nouns made from it with another vowel include 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍃 (fralusts, “loss, perdition”) and firlust, modern Verlust.[4][6]

The Germanic root is that of los “loose”.[2] Outside Germanic it is compared with Ancient Greek λύω (lúō, “to loosen, untie”), Latin luō (“to pay, atone”) and solvō (“to loosen”), from a root Proto-Indo-European *leu- (“to cut off, loosen”).[4][7][5][1]

The ⟨r⟩ of the plural past and the participle ⟨verloren⟩ arose by grammatical alternation and rhotacism, as in ⟨verkoren⟩ beside verkiezen.[2] The Middle Dutch past singular was ⟨verloos⟩, still usual in the first half of the 17th century, before analogy gave ⟨verloor⟩.[2][3] German carried the ⟨r⟩ through the whole verb.[2][3]

Earliest recorded meaning

The oldest records are in the Rhineland rhymed Bible of 1151–1200, which speaks of people giving up all worldly things that se the sielen neuerlîesen, “so that they do not lose their souls”, and of someone whose son then leuen uerloren hauodo, “had lost his life”.[8][2] In Middle Dutch it appears in 1201–1225 on the Lower Rhine, of a woman who has lost her virginity.[2][9][10]

Semantic evolution

Middle Dutch used the verb for losing a possession, a friend's love, a person through death, power over a land, and of trees losing their fruit (1287); it also meant “to be defeated”, as in Mar si verloren tspel, “but they lost the fight” (1285).[9][2] From the sense “to be defeated” the participle verloren developed as an adjective meaning “ruined, wretched” and “vain, useless”, as in verloren moeite “wasted effort”.[2]

Eén verloren, tien verkoren, “one lost, ten chosen”, was said when a customer or a lover left (1544).[3] Ergens een broer aan verloren hebben meant “to loathe something” (1784), a variant of ergens een broertje aan dood hebben, from an illness of which a brother had died.[3][11] Zich verliezen in “to lose oneself in” has been called both a gallicism and a germanism.[12][13][14] In Belgium the verb is also conjugated with zijn when it has no object.[3]

Scandinavian sailors took the word from Dutch or Low German: Danish forlise and Swedish förlisa mean “to be shipwrecked”.[15] Negerhollands had verlies, and Afrikaans has verloor.[15][1]

Timeline

  • 1151–1200 – Old Dutch farliesan in the Rhineland rhymed Bible.[8][2]
  • 1201–1225 – Middle Dutch verliesen on the Lower Rhine.[2][9][10]
  • 1240 – Verlisen glosses Latin amittere in Limburg.[9]
  • 1285 – Si verloren tspel “they lost the fight”.[2][9]
  • 1544 – Een verloren, ses ander vercoren.[3]
  • 1784 – Ergens een broer aan verloren hebben “to loathe something”.[3]
  • 1899 – De Vreese calls zich verliezen in gissingen a gallicism.[12]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To lose a game or contest, be beaten: Ons team verloor met drie doelpunten verschil.[16][1][17]
  2. To make a loss in trade: Hij verloor flink op zijn aandelen.[16]
  3. To no longer have something or someone: Ze heeft haar portemonnee verloren. Het gezicht verliezen is “to go blind”.[16][1][17]
  4. To waste: Hij verloor een uur met wachten.[16]

Word family

  • verlies
  • verliezer
  • verloren

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; Sijs, Nicoline van der (2003–2009), Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands, 4 vols., Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press; online via etymologiebank.nl
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Vries, Matthias de; Winkel, L. A. te, et al. (1882–1998), Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal, 29 vols., 's-Gravenhage / Leiden: Nijhoff / Sijthoff / SDU; supplement 2001; gtb.ivdnt.org
  4. ^ a b c Vries, Jan de (1971), Nederlands etymologisch woordenboek, Leiden: Brill
  5. ^ a b Vercoullie, Jozef (1925), Beknopt etymologisch woordenboek der Nederlandsche taal, 3rd ed., 's-Gravenhage / Gent: Nijhoff / Van Rysselberghe & Rombaut
  6. ^ Vries, Jan de; Tollenaere, Félicien de (2004), Etymologisch woordenboek: onze woorden, hun oorsprong en ontwikkeling, 23rd ed., Utrecht: Het Spectrum, p. 404
  7. ^ Veen, P. A. F. van; Sijs, Nicoline van der (1997), Etymologisch woordenboek: de herkomst van onze woorden, 2nd ed., Utrecht / Antwerpen: Van Dale Lexicografie
  8. ^ a b Oudnederlands Woordenboek (2009–), Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal, Leiden; gtb.ivdnt.org
  9. ^ a b c d e Pijnenburg, W. J. J., et al. (2001), Vroegmiddelnederlands woordenboek: woordenboek van het Nederlands van de dertiende eeuw in hoofdzaak op basis van het Corpus-Gysseling, Leiden: Instituut voor Nederlandse Lexicologie; gtb.ivdnt.org
  10. ^ a b Sijs, Nicoline van der (2001), Chronologisch woordenboek: de ouderdom en herkomst van onze woorden en betekenissen, Amsterdam / Antwerpen: Veen
  11. ^ Stoett, F. A. (1923–1925), Nederlandsche spreekwoorden, spreekwijzen, uitdrukkingen en gezegden, 4th ed., 3 vols., Zutphen: Thieme
  12. ^ a b Vreese, Willem de (1899), Gallicismen in het Zuidnederlandsch, Gent: Siffer
  13. ^ Theissen, Siegfried (1978), Germanismen in het Nederlands, Hasselt
  14. ^ Sijs, Nicoline van der (2005), Groot leenwoordenboek, Utrecht / Antwerpen: Van Dale
  15. ^ a b Sijs, Nicoline van der (2010), Nederlandse woorden wereldwijd, Den Haag: Sdu; with additions from the Uitleenwoordenbank (2015)
  16. ^ a b c d Van Dale Groot woordenboek hedendaags Nederlands (2014), Utrecht / Antwerpen: Van Dale Uitgevers
  17. ^ a b WikiWoordenboek (Dutch Wiktionary), nl.wiktionary.org

Related etymologies

  • voor · also from Proto-Germanic
  • kunnen · also from Proto-Germanic
  • zullen · also from Proto-Germanic
  • weten · also from Proto-Germanic
  • willen · also from Proto-Germanic
  • als · also from Proto-Germanic
  • doen · also from Proto-Germanic
  • met · also from Proto-Germanic
Cite this entry

“Verliezen.” Etymologically, 21 Oct. 2026, etymologically.com/nl/verliezen. Accessed 22 Oct. 2026.

Last edited on . ·