nog

Forms

nog^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Middle Dutch noch, inherited from Old Dutch noh (“until now, still”), inherited from Proto-West Germanic *noh, inherited from Proto-Germanic *nuh (“still”).^[2][1] It was made from Proto-Germanic *nu (“now”) (see nu) and the reinforcing particle ⟨*-(u)h⟩ “and”, going back to Proto-Indo-European *nu-kʷe (“and now”).^[2][1][3] The second element, Proto-Indo-European *-kʷe (“and, also”), is the same as Latin -que, Ancient Greek τε (te), Sanskrit च (ca) and the Old Irish suffix ⟨-ch⟩.^[2][4] The same word is Old Saxon noh, Old High German noh (modern German noch), Old Frisian noch and Gothic 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌷 (nauh).^[2][5][6]

In Middle Dutch the word was spelled ⟨noch⟩, like the conjunction noch (“nor”); the modern spelling with ⟨g⟩ was introduced only to tell the two apart.^[5][3][6]

Earliest recorded meaning

The word is first recorded about 1100 in the Willeram, as in unse suster is nogh weinigh, “our sister is still young”.^[2][7] Given its make-up, the original sense was temporal, “and now”: up to and including the present, or from now into the near future.^[2]

Semantic evolution

Already in the earliest Middle Dutch the word also meant “moreover, in addition”, and it strengthened comparatives, as in noch blider dan, “even happier than” (1220–1240).^[2] Noch eens “once more” is recorded in 1265–1270.^[2]

The WNT's quotations show tot noch toe “until now” (1568), noch niet “not yet” (1616) and nog maar “only” (1778).^[8] Modern Dutch uses the word for continuation, addition, repetition and the future, and also to express impatience or surprise; in Belgium it can mean “also, likewise”.^[9]

Afrikaans has nog, Berbice Dutch noko and Skepi Dutch nug, and West Frisian noch has the same sense.^[1][10]

Timeline

• c. 1100 – Old Dutch noh “still” is recorded in the Willeram.^[2][7]
• 1200 – Middle Dutch nog appears: als er nog uele decke dut, “as he still very often does”.^[2][4]
• 1220–1240 – Noch strengthens a comparative: noch blider dan.^[2]
• 1265–1270 – Noch eens “once more” is recorded.^[2]
• 1568 – Tot noch toe “until now” is quoted.^[8]
• 1616 – Noch niet “not yet” is quoted.^[8]

Meanings

Adverb

1. still, up to this moment: Ze woont nog bij haar ouders.^[9][1]
2. With a negation: yet: Hij is er nog niet.^[1][8]
3. more, in addition: Wil je nog koffie?^[1][9]
4. Strengthening a comparative: even: Het werd nog kouder.^[9]
5. Again, marking a repetition: Zeg dat nog eens.^[9]
6. In the future, eventually: Dat komt nog wel goed.^[9]
7. With a time: as recently as, or as early as: Gisteren sprak ik hem nog.^[1]
8. Expressing impatience: Komt er nog wat van?^[9]
9. (Belgium) Also, likewise.^[9]

Word family

• nochtans
• nogmaals
• nogal
• alsnog

Related words

• nu
• noch

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; Sijs, Nicoline van der (2003–2009), Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands, 4 vols., Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press; online via etymologiebank.nl
3. ^ a b Vries, Jan de (1971), Nederlands etymologisch woordenboek, Leiden: Brill
4. ^ a b Vries, Jan de; Tollenaere, Félicien de (2004), Etymologisch woordenboek: onze woorden, hun oorsprong en ontwikkeling, 23rd ed., Utrecht: Het Spectrum
5. ^ a b Veen, P. A. F. van; Sijs, Nicoline van der (1997), Etymologisch woordenboek: de herkomst van onze woorden, 2nd ed., Utrecht / Antwerpen: Van Dale Lexicografie
6. ^ a b Franck, Johannes; Wijk, Nicolaas van (1912), Franck's Etymologisch woordenboek der Nederlandsche taal, 2nd ed., 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff
7. ^ a b Sijs, Nicoline van der (2001), Chronologisch woordenboek: de ouderdom en herkomst van onze woorden en betekenissen, Amsterdam / Antwerpen: Veen
8. ^ a b c d Vries, Matthias de; Winkel, L. A. te, et al. (1882–1998), Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal, 29 vols., 's-Gravenhage / Leiden: Nijhoff / Sijthoff / SDU; supplement 2001; gtb.ivdnt.org
9. ^ a b c d e f g h Van Dale Groot woordenboek hedendaags Nederlands (2014), Utrecht / Antwerpen: Van Dale Uitgevers
10. ^ Sijs, Nicoline van der (2010), Nederlandse woorden wereldwijd, Den Haag: Sdu; with additions from the Uitleenwoordenbank (2015)