Latin words first recorded in the 3rd century BC

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *sēmn̥ (“seed”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *séh₁mn̥ (“seed”), from the root of serō “to sow”. The OLD analyses it as ⟨se-⟩ of ⟨serō⟩ with the suffix -men…

It is from Latin senex (“old man”) + -ātus, literally “council of elders”. Senex goes back to Proto-Italic *seno- (“old”), Proto-Indo-European *sen-o- (“old”). Isidore of Seville derived…

It is from Latin sentiō (“to feel, perceive”) + -ia, on the participle, through earlier *sentientia. Wiktionary also mentions a Proto-Italic *sententjā continuing an old aorist, and Etymonline calls…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *s(e)nt-ije/o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sn̥t-ie/o- (“to notice”). The closest cognates in meaning are Baltic and Slavic words for thinking, such as…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek σηπία (sēpía, “cuttlefish”). The Greek word is often derived from σήπω (sḗpō, “to make rotten”), but Beekes thinks it could be a Pre-Greek word. A variant spelling…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *septm̥ (“seven”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *septḿ̥ (“seven”). The ordinal septimus “seventh” continues *s(e)ptm-ó-. Cognate with Old Irish secht…

It is perhaps from Latin serō (“to join, bind”), compare instrument nouns such as serra and traha. Köbler traces it to Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“to line up, bind”).

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *(k)seró- (“dry”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *Kseh₁-ró- (“dry”), built like serēscō “to become dry” on an unattested stative verb *serē- “to be dry”…

1. It is inherited from Proto-Italic *sise/o- (“to sow”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *si-sh₁-e/o-, a reduplicated present of the root *seh₁- “to sow”. The reduplicated *sis- became *sir- and…

It is from Latin servus (“slave”) + -iō, the verb suffix, perhaps from a Proto-Italic *serwiō, possibly cognate with Umbrian seritu. Plautus and Terence have old imperfects and futures such as…

It is from Latin servus (“slave”) + -itium.

It is from Latin servus (“slave”) + -tūs. De Vaan traces ⟨servus⟩ to Proto-Italic *serwo- (“shepherd”), Proto-Indo-European *ser-wo- (“guardian”), and reports Rix's view that “guardian, shepherd”…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek σήσαμον (sḗsamon, “sesame”). Köbler and Etymonline take the Greek from a Semitic language, compare Akkadian samassamu, and Etymonline says it came through…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *seχwēro- (“steadfast”), which de Vaan, after Nussbaum, takes from Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ-u̯ēr-o- (“steadfast, tough”), from a noun *seǵʰ-ur/-un- “holding”, from…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *seks (“six”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ueks (“six”). Proto-Italic dropped the /w/ of *sweks by analogy with *septm̥ “seven”. In sēdecim “sixteen” and…

The origin is uncertain. The by-form secus, used only as nominative and accusative with adjectives meaning “male” or “female”, looks older, but the earliest texts have only sexus. It is often taken…

It may be inherited from Proto-Italic *siskwo-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *si-sk-u- (“dry”), from a root *sek- “to dry up”. Cognate with Middle Irish sesc (“dry, barren”), Avestan 𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬐𐬎…

It is from Latin signum (“sign”) + -ficō (“make”), with a linking ⟨-i-⟩. Gellius says a deponent ⟨significor⟩ existed in early Latin.

It is from Latin sīgnum (“mark, sign”). The noun is Proto-Italic *sekno-, from Proto-Indo-European *sek(h₂)-no- (“something cut out”), from the root of secō “to cut”, with a change of meaning from…

It is from Latin sem- (“one”) + -plex (“-fold”), literally “one-fold”. The first element is the root of semel “once”, from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one”). Lewis and Short compare plicō “to fold”.

It is from Latin semel (“once”) + -plus (“-fold”), on the root ⟨sem-⟩ “one” of duplus “double”. The root goes back to Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one, together”). Compare simplex and Ancient Greek…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *semali (“alike, together”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *smh₂-el-i-, the old neuter of the word that became similis “like”. The older form was ⟨semul⟩, and…

It is from Latin simulō (“to make like”) + -crum, the instrument suffix, a dissimilated form of ⟨*simulāclom⟩.

It is from Latin similis (“like”), with ⟨u⟩ for ⟨i⟩ before a dark /l/.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *sem-g-lo-, from Proto-Indo-European *s(e)m-gʰ- (“single”): Meiser explains it as containing a distributive particle *-gʰ-, later suffixed with *-lo-. The root is…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *sem-g-(lo-), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *s(e)m-gʰ- (“single”), from the root Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one”) of simplex and semel. De Vaan rejects the…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *s(t)i-sta/o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sti-sth₂- (“to make stand”), a reduplicated present of the root of stō. Wiktionary gives the root as…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *(k)siti-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰí-ti- (“perishing, wasting away”), from the root *dʰgʷʰey- “to perish”. De Vaan explains the initial /s/ by a metathesis…

It is from Latin socius (“companion”), with a unique suffix usually explained as Etruscan, as in ⟨Porsenna⟩. De Vaan traces ⟨socius⟩ to Proto-Italic *sokjo-, from Proto-Indo-European *sokʷ-(h₂)-i-o-…

It was coined by Plautus from Latin socius (“partner, comrade”) + fraudō (“to cheat”). De Vaan traces ⟨socius⟩ to Proto-Italic *sokjo-, from Proto-Indo-European *sokʷ-(h₂)-i-o- (“companion”).

The OLD takes it apparently from Latin *sōlax, an adjective in -āx from sōlor “to comfort”, with -ium. The variant spelling is sōlātium, which Georges rejects.

1. This noun is from Latin sōl (“sun”) + -ārium. 2. This noun is from Latin solum (“ground”) + -ārium, understood with ⟨vectīgal⟩ “tax”.

It is from Latin solum (“bottom, sole of the foot, ground”). Festus reports Verrius' remark that it means not only what is put under the sole of the foot but also an oak beam on which a wattled wall…

Its origin is disputed. De Vaan derives it from Proto-Italic *solē- (“to occupy”), Proto-Indo-European *sol-eh₁- (“to occupy, inhabit”), the root of solum “ground”. Walde and Hofmann and Pokorny…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *soliþo-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *solh₂-i-dʰh₁-o- (“entire”). De Vaan rejects a derivation from soleō “to be accustomed” on grounds of meaning and…

It is probably inherited from Proto-Italic *sodjo- (“seat”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sod-yo- (“seat”), from the root of sedeō “to sit”, with /d/ becoming /l/ as in oleō beside odor…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *sōl-, a verb from a root noun Proto-Indo-European *sōlh₂- (“mercy, comfort”), as Schrijver explains it, though no such noun is attested. Cognate with Ancient Greek…

It is from Latin sōlstitium (“solstice”) + -ālis, from sōl “sun” and sistō “to stand”.

1. It is inherited from Proto-Italic *se/olo- (“base, sole”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *se/ol-o- (“place, habitation”). Cognate with Lithuanian sala (“island; village”), Old Church…

It is from Latin solvō (“to loosen, release, dissolve”), its perfect participle, used as an adjective. Etymonline traces ⟨solvō⟩ to ⟨*se-lu-⟩, from the reflexive ⟨*s(w)e-⟩ and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin sē- (“apart, away”) + luō (“to loosen”). The verb luō goes back to Proto-Indo-European *lewh₁- (“to loosen, cut off”). Catullus can scan its perfect as three syllables.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *swena- (“to sound”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound”). The older third-conjugation verb sonere was gradually replaced by the…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *sont- (“being”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁s-ónt-s (“existing, real”), the present participle of the root Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”) of sum…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *sorti- (“joining, joint”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sr̥-ti- (“joining”), from the root *ser- (“to bind, line up”), as in serō “to join together” and…

Its origin is uncertain. Wiktionary follows de Vaan's tentative *swe-spat- “self-prospering”, a compound of the reflexive stem *swe- and the root of spēs “hope”. Meier-Brügger's link with Sanskrit…

The origin is uncertain. De Vaan considers a derivative of *sph₁-to- “prospered, fattened”, hence “extended”, from the root Proto-Indo-European *speh₁- (“to prosper”), possible but unprovable, and…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *spekje/o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *speḱ-ie/o- (“to look”). Cognate with Umbrian speture and further with Sanskrit पश्यति (páśyati, “sees”), Avestan…

It is from Latin specula (“lookout”) + -or, from speciō “to look”. De Vaan traces ⟨speciō⟩ to Proto-Indo-European *spéḱ-ye/o- (“to look”), cognate with Sanskrit पश्यति (páśyati, “sees”).

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *spernō, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sp(ʰ)er-n-H- (“to kick, push away”), a nasal present. Cognate with Hittite išparra- (“to trample”), Sanskrit स्फुरति…

It is inherited from Old Latin *spēsō, from spēs “hope” with the verb suffix -ō.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *spēs, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *spéh₁-s (“prosperity”), from the root *speh₁- “to succeed, prosper”. Cognate with Hittite išpai- (“to be satiated”) and…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek Σφίγξ (Sphínx, “Sphinx”). The Greek name is perhaps from σφίγγω (sphíngō, “to squeeze, strangle”), or perhaps from Egyptian šzp-ꜥnḫ (“living image”).

It is from Latin spīrō (“to breathe”) + -tus. The verb is Proto-Italic *spīr/s-, possibly an imitation of the sound of breathing, with no direct cognates.

The origin is uncertain. De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *spīr/s- and suggests it may imitate the sound of breathing; it has no direct cognates, and Balto-Slavic words for squeaking look alike but…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *spoli(o)- (“skin, hide”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *spol(H)-i(o)- (“what is split, stripped off”), probably from a root Proto-Indo-European *(s)pelH-…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *spondeje/o- (“to pour libations; to pledge”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *spond-eie/o- (“to pour a libation”), from the root *spend- (“to perform a rite…

It is from Latin spondeō (“to pledge”) + -tiō. De Vaan traces ⟨spondeō⟩ to Proto-Italic *spondeje/o- (“to libate many times; pledge”), Proto-Indo-European *spond-éye/o- (“to libate”), cognate with…

It is from Latin stō (“to stand”) + -bilis, so “where one can stand”. Poultney compares Umbrian stafli and reconstructs a Proto-Italic *staðlis, though de Vaan leaves the Umbrian word uncertain…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *staðlom, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”) with the instrument suffix ⟨*-dʰlom⟩. By surface analysis it is stō “to stand” with the suffix -bulum.

It is from Latin statuō (“to set up, erect”).