Latin words first recorded in the 3rd century BC

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *okri- (“hilltop”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂oḱ-r-i- (“sharp edge”). Italic cognates include Umbrian ocar (“hill, citadel”) and Marrucinian ⟨ocres⟩…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *ok(e)lo-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₃e/okʷ-(e)lo- (“eye”). Most Indo-European languages have a root noun or an i-stem for “eye”, so de Vaan thinks the…

The origin is uncertain. De Vaan considers Proto-Italic *op-ni-, an adjective in *-ni- meaning “working”, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁/₃ep-, since the lack of a change *omn- > *umn- suggests that…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *opi-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₃e/op-(i-) (“ability, force”). The different derivatives in the branches and the s-stem in opus “work” may point to a…

It is a frequentative from a participle *opto-, from Proto-Italic *opeje- (“to choose, grab”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁op-eie- (“to choose, grab”), an iterative of Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep-…

1. It is inherited from Proto-Italic *ōs- (“mouth”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₃éh₁os (“mouth”). Cognate with Old Irish á (“mouth”), Hittite aiš (“mouth”), Sanskrit आस् (ā́s, “mouth”) and…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *pās-ē-, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-s- (“to watch, see”), a stative “to be visible”. De Vaan connects it with pār “equal”, through “visible, obvious…

It is from Latin pars (“part”) + -ceps (“taker”), from capiō “to take”.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *pauko- (“few”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂u- (“few, small”), with the suffix *-ko-. The same root is in parvus “small”, pauper “poor” and paullus…

1. The collective noun is inherited from Proto-Italic *pekos, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *péḱos (“livestock; what is fleeced”). It is related to pecū “cattle”, from *peḱu-. The OLD compares…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *pet-e/o-, from the root Proto-Indo-European *pet(h₂)- (“to fly”), with a shift from “fly” to “fly towards”, “make for, try to get”. Cognate with Sanskrit पतति…

It is usually explained as *prai-χed-ā-, “what one takes beforehand”, from Latin prae- + prehendō (“to seize”), with the root of the verb. Livingston argues that it rather contains an o-grade noun…

It is from Latin prex (“prayer”), a root noun of Proto-Indo-European *preḱ- (“to ask”), the root of poscō and procus. Cognate with Sanskrit पृच्छति (pṛccháti, “asks”), Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌽𐌰𐌽 (fraihnan, “to…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *pres-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *pr-es- (“to press”), the stem seen in the perfect pressī and the participle pressum. The present stem in ⟨prem-⟩ is…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *preti-o- (“exchange value”), from Proto-Indo-European *preti (“against”), a variant of the preposition seen in Sanskrit प्रति (práti, “towards, against”), Ancient…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *prī̆-jos- (“earlier, former”), a comparative of an adverb pri (“before”), which Festus records as meaning prae. Its superlative is prīmus. The PIE source…

It is related to procus “suitor” and precor “to pray”. The TLL says ⟨procāre⟩ may come from a noun such as ⟨procus⟩ or directly from the root ⟨*prek-⟩ “to ask”, which is also in prex and poscō.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *puwero-, and de Vaan derives it from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂u-ero- (“smaller”), from the root of paucus “few”, or from a more recent Italic formation on the same…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *putri- (“rotten”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *puH-tro- (“rotten”). De Vaan treats it with pūs “pus” and pūteō “to stink”; he notes that Schrijver…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *putri- (“rotten”). De Vaan lists it with pūs (“pus”) and pūteō (“to rot, stink”), from the root Proto-Indo-European *puH- (“to rot”), and leaves open whether…

The origin is disputed. Nussbaum, followed by de Vaan, takes it as inherited from Proto-Italic *kʷai-s-e/o-, built on a present *kʷeh₂-i- of the root Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂- (“to acquire”), and…

It is from Latin rēx (“king”) + -ius, on the stem ⟨rēg-⟩.

It is from Latin re- (“back”) + ligō (“to bind”).

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *rē(s)mo- (“oar”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁-(s)mo- (“oar”), from the root Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁- (“to row”). The spellings with ⟨-resmo-⟩ on…

It is from Latin re- (“back”) + spondeō (“to pledge, promise”). The verb spondeō is from Proto-Italic *spondeje/o- (“to libate, pledge”), from Proto-Indo-European *spond-eie/o- (“to libate”)…

It is from Latin sanciō (“to make sacred, ratify”), its perfect participle, from Proto-Italic *sanktos, participle of *sankjō “to consecrate”. An inscription has the participle ⟨sancītō⟩. Köbler…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *sed-ē- (“to be seated”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sed-eh₁- (“to be seated”), a stative verb also found in Sabellic. From the same root come sēdēs…

It belongs with sedeō “to sit”, inherited from Proto-Italic *sēd-(i-) (“seat”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sēd- (“seat”). De Vaan takes it as probably built on the PIE root noun, or with…

Its origin is uncertain. It has been compared with Lithuanian stir̃pti (“to grow up”) and Lithuanian ster̃ptis (“to stiffen”), a possible but not compelling link, according to de Vaan. Wiktionary…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *sup(a)mo- (“highest”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)up-m(H)o- (“highest”), a superlative of the stem of sub and super. Cognate with Umbrian somo…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *superos, equivalent to super “above” with the adjective suffix ⟨-us⟩, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“over”). Cognate with Oscan supruis and Umbrian…

It is a contracted form of subrigō, which is from Latin sub- + regō (“to direct, keep straight”). The verb is from Proto-Italic *reg-e/o-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ-e/o-.

The origin is uncertain, with no parallel in the other Italic languages. De Vaan derives it from Proto-Italic *t(e)mp-lo-, from a root Proto-Indo-European *temp- (“to stretch”), hence “stretching” >…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *tersā (“earth”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ters-h₂- (“dry land”), usually derived from the root Proto-Indo-European *ters- (“to dry out”) seen in torreō…

The OLD compares tollō “to lift” and suggests a formation like ⟨onerō⟩ and ⟨vulnerō⟩, and Wiktionary calls it uncertain, perhaps from an ⟨s⟩-stem noun ⟨*telh₂-s⟩ of Proto-Indo-European *telh₂- (“to…

The origin is uncertain. The OLD suggests *towetos, from the root of tumeō “to swell”, close to Walde–Hofmann's “stuffed”, but de Vaan finds the change of meaning from “stuffed” to “whole”…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *udōr, from the oblique stem Proto-Indo-European *ud-n- of Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥ (“water”). De Vaan and Wiktionary take it from a collective…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *weχ-e/o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ueǵʰ-e/o- (“to carry”). Vectīgal “tax” presupposes a noun *wekti- “levy”. Cognate with Umbrian arveitu (“let him…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *gʷn-je/o- (“to come”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʷm̥-ie/o- (“to come”), a present formed on the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *gʷem- (“to step…

It is from Latin versus (“turned”) + -ūtus, formed like astūtus. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of vertō (“to turn”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *wert-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *westi- (“clothes”), from the root Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“to be dressed”). De Vaan takes it as an independent Latin formation, since Sanskrit वस्ति (vastí-) is…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *wid-ē- (“to see”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *uid-eh₁- (“to see”), a stative present of the root *weyd- (“to see, know”). Wiktionary notes that the LIV…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *wīno-, from the Indo-European word for vine and wine, Proto-Indo-European *ueih₁-(ō)n (“vine, wine”). De Vaan, after Beekes, derives it from the root for “to…

Its origin is uncertain. Walde and Hofmann took it as a derivative of virga “shoot, rod”, through a sense “young plant”, and the OLD compares virga too. De Vaan rejects Ledo-Lemos' compound…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *wīs, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *wiH-s (“strength”). It was traditionally analysed as an s-stem with the root of vir “man”, but de Vaan prefers an old root…

1. It is inherited from Proto-Italic *welō, from Proto-Indo-European *welh₁- (“to choose, want”). Before back vowels /el/ became /ol/ (volō, volunt), while front vowels kept /e/ (velle, velim). The…

1. The preposition is the form of ab used before most consonants: ⟨ab⟩ stands before vowels and ⟨h⟩, ⟨ā⟩ usually before stops and ⟨s⟩, and ⟨abs⟩ (rare) before ⟨t⟩ and ⟨c⟩. It is inherited from…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *ap (“away, off”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-. De Vaan reconstructs both a form without and a form with final /s/ (Proto-Italic ⟨ap⟩ and ⟨aps⟩)…

It is from Latin ab- (“away”) + eō (“to go”). De Vaan traces ⟨eō⟩ to Proto-Italic *ei- (“to go”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to go”).

It is from Latin ad- + colō (“to inhabit, till”). The simple verb goes back to Proto-Italic *kʷele/o- and Proto-Indo-European *kʷelh₁-e/o- (“to go round”).

It is a compound from Latin ad (“to”) + modum, the accusative of modus (“measure”), literally “up to the measure”. De Vaan traces ⟨modus⟩ to Proto-Italic *medo- (“measure”) and Proto-Indo-European…

It is formed from Latin ad- (“to, towards”) + orior (“to rise”). De Vaan derives ⟨orior⟩ from Proto-Italic *or-i- (“to rise”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₃r-i- (“to rise”). Cognate with Umbrian ortom…

It is from Latin aes (“bronze, copper”) + -ātus. Lewis & Short note that Priscian speaks of a verb ⟨aerō⟩ beside ⟨aurō⟩, from which he derives this adjective and aurātus (“gilded”), but no example…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *aissu-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eidʰ-tu- (“burning, heat”), beside aestās (“summer”). Most handbooks take ⟨-st-⟩ as the regular outcome of ⟨*-dʰt-⟩, but de…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *agje/o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵ-ye/o- (“to say”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἠμί (ēmí, “I say”), Old Armenian ասեմ (asem, “to say”) and Tocharian…

It is from Latin alius (“other”) + ibī (“there”). The OLD analyses it as alius with the ending -bi of ubī. Lewis & Short take it as a contraction of aliubī.

It is from Latin aliēnus (“belonging to another”), its neuter used as a noun. ⟨Aliēnus⟩ is formed from alius (“other”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *aljo- (“another”) and…

The suffix is inherited from Proto-Italic *-ālis, perhaps connected with Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“to grow”). Weiss compares Volscian flusare, a month name equivalent to flōrālis. He notes that…

It is formed from Latin altus (“high, deep”) + -ē. Lewis & Short treat altus as the participle of alō (“to nourish”), “grown big”.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *al-tero- (“the other”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-tero- (“the other of two”), with the contrastive suffix also seen in Ancient Greek ἕτερος…