Latin words first recorded in the 3rd century BC

It is from Latin aequus (“level, equal”) + -ter, an adverb. De Vaan finds no convincing etymology for ⟨aequus⟩, probably from ⟨*aikwos⟩.

It probably goes back to a form *aikwos, but there is no convincing etymology. Lewis & Short report older comparisons with Ancient Greek ἔοικα (éoika, “to be like”) and with Sanskrit एक (éka…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *al-jo- (“another”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-io- (“another”). Wiktionary traces the PIE word to a root Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“beyond…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *ale/o- (“to feed”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-e/o-. Cognate with Old Irish ailid (“feeds, rears”), Ancient Greek ἀλδαίνω (aldaínō, “to make grow”)…

It is from Latin ambi- (“around”) + plectō (“to plait, twine”).

The origin is disputed. De Vaan considers Proto-Italic *am-lo- (“seizable”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃mh₃- (“to grab”), related to ampla “handle”, with the same change of *-ml- to *-mpl- as in…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *argento-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵ-n̥t-o- (“silver”). Cognate with Oscan aragetud (“with money”), Faliscan arcentelom (“small silver coin”), Old…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *awizdje/o- (“to hear”). De Vaan, following Pedersen and Solmsen, takes this as a compound of Proto-Indo-European *h₂eu-is (“clearly, manifestly”) and…

Its origin is uncertain; the OLD calls it doubtful. Charisius reports that Varro called it Etruscan, though Varro later looked for a Latin origin, and Wiktionary compares borrowed from Etruscan…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *pibe/o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *pi-ph₃-e/o- (“to drink”), a reduplicated present; the initial /b/ is assimilated to the inner /b/. Cognate with…

It is from Latin bonus (“good”), its neuter, used as a noun. De Vaan traces ⟨bonus⟩ to Proto-Italic *dweno- (“good”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *duh₂-eno-; ⟨bene⟩ is from its ablative…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *kad-e/o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *(ḱe-)ḱh₂d- (“to fall”), though de Vaan marks the reconstruction as uncertain. Cognate with Sanskrit शद् (śad-, “to…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *kampo- (“field”), of uncertain further origin. It is traditionally linked with words for bending, such as Lithuanian kam̃pas (“corner”) and Ancient Greek καμπή…

It is from Latin canō (“to sing”) + -tus, an action noun. Canō continues Proto-Italic *kanō, from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂n- (“to sing”). Isidore of Seville defines it as an inflection of the…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *keli-r/li- (“fast”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kel-i- (“speeding”), an old i-stem. Cognate with Ancient Greek κέλλω (kéllō, “to drive on”), Ancient Greek…

It is the participle of an unattested verb *cellō “to rise”, found in excellō and antecellō, from Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise”), the root of collis “hill” and columen “top”.

It is from Latin cieō (“to set in motion”), its participle, from Proto-Italic *kito- (“stirred”), Proto-Indo-European *(ḱ)i(h₂)-to-, from the root Proto-Indo-European *(ḱ)ey(h₂)- (“to start to…

It is probably inherited from Proto-Italic *klāssi- (“a call, summons”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥h₁-d(ʰ)-ti- (“a call”), from the root of calāre “to call”, which the Romans themselves…

It is from Latin con- (“together, thoroughly”) + faciō (“to do, make”).

It is from Latin con- + ruō (“to rush, fall”). De Vaan traces ⟨ruō⟩ “to rush” to Proto-Italic *rowe/o-, Proto-Indo-European *h₃rew-e/o- (“to run, hurry”), cognate with Ancient Greek ὀρούω (oroúō…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *krezde/o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱred-dʰeh₁- (“to put one's heart (in), believe”), a compound of a form of Proto-Indo-European *ḱḗr (“heart”), the…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *dap-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *dh₂p-s (“sacrificial meal, portion”). The root *dh₂p- was used of cutting up a victim and preparing a sacrificial meal…

It is from Latin dē- (“from, down”) + veniō (“to come”). De Vaan traces ⟨veniō⟩ to Proto-Indo-European *gʷm̥-yé- (“to come”).

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *dekstero-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *deḱs-tero- (“right, right-hand side”). Cognate with Oscan destrst (“is on the right”), Umbrian testru (“right”)…

It is from Latin dis- (“apart”) + regō (“to direct, guide”), or rather with dē-, since the older form was ⟨dērigō⟩. The OLD notes that no certain example of ⟨dīr-⟩ occurs in inscriptions before the…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *dis- (“in two, apart”). De Vaan takes it as cognate with Ancient Greek διά (diá, “in two, apart, through”), from ⟨*dis-a⟩, and relates it to Proto-Indo-European…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *dok-eje-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *doḱ-ei̯e/o- (“to make someone accept something”), a causative. Cognate with Ancient Greek δοκέω (dokéō, “to seem”)…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *du(i)-fwo-, through an adjective ⟨*dubos⟩ “in doubt”, from which a verb dubō and a new adjective ⟨dubius⟩ were made. De Vaan traces it further to…

1. It is inherited from Proto-Italic *ed- (“to eat”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éd-mi (“I eat”), an old athematic verb. The long vowel of the short forms and of the participle is due to…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *ers-āje-, a verb formed from a noun Proto-Indo-European *h₁ers-o/h₂- (“erring, error”). De Vaan notes that the shape matches the root Proto-Indo-European *h₁ers-…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *ēsskā, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ēd-s-keh₂, from *h₁ed- (“to eat”), the root of edō “to eat”. Wiktionary takes the long vowel to be original, judging…

It is a loanword from an unidentified source. De Vaan suggests a Phoenician dialect, from *fer-s-o-, comparing Phoenician 𐤁𐤓𐤆𐤋 (brzl, “iron”) and Syriac “parzlā”. Köbler thinks it came through…

It is from Latin fīlius (“son”), its feminine. It displaced the inherited word for daughter, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰugh₂tḗr, which survives in Oscan 𐌚𐌖𐌕𐌝𐌓 (futír).

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *fwije/o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰh₂u-ie/o- (“to become”), a present of the root Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to grow, become”). Cognate with Oscan…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *flīg-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleiǵ-e/o- (“to hit, crush”), or *bʰliH-ǵ-. Cognate with Ancient Greek φλίβω (phlíbō, “to rub, crush”), Lithuanian…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *flōs (“flower”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃-ōs (“blossoming”). Cognate with Oscan fluusaí (“to Flora”), Old Irish bláth (“flower”) and English…

It is probably contracted from an older *gāvidē-, built on an adjective *gāvidus “rejoicing”, as ārdeō stands beside āridus. De Vaan reconstructs inherited from Proto-Italic *gāweþ-ē-, inherited…

The origin is doubtful. It is perhaps a frequentative from a stem *im-, as in imāgō “image”, and aemulus “rivalling” may be related. Wiktionary traces it to Proto-Indo-European *h₂eym- (“to imitate”).

The OLD takes it as formed as the opposite of opportūnus “convenient”, originally a nautical metaphor, from Latin in- (“not”) + portus (“harbour”). Wiktionary traces ⟨portus⟩ to Proto-Indo-European…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *jouþ-eje/o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *Hioudʰ-eie/o- (“to cause to move”), a causative. The oldest form ⟨ioub-⟩, found in early inscriptions, fits this…

It is from Old Latin ⟨dacrima⟩, ⟨dacruma⟩, which Festus reports was frequent in Livius Andronicus, perhaps from Proto-Italic *d(r)(k)akrunā, from Proto-Indo-European *dáḱru- (“tear”). The change of…

It is from Proto-Italic *lasko-, a stem, Proto-Indo-European *lh₂s-ko- (“desirous”), from the root *leh₂s- “to be eager”. Cognate with Ancient Greek λιλαίομαι (lilaíomai, “to desire strongly”), Old…

The origin is uncertain. The only proposed connection is with Proto-Germanic *leuþą (“song”), as in Gothic 𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸 (awiliuþ, “song of praise”) and Old English lēoþ (“song”), from *leu-t-. If…

The origin is unclear. Walde–Hofmann and Pokorny derived the old form stlocus from Proto-Indo-European *stel- (“to place”), but de Vaan rejects this, since there is no such suffix, and considers a…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *m(o)n-ē-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *mn̥-eh₁- (“to remain”), a stative verb from Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to stay, stand still”). The participle mānsus…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *mari (“sea, lake”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *móri (“sea, lake”), with ⟨a⟩ from the unrounding of ⟨*o⟩ in an open syllable. De Vaan notes that the word…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *meþio-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *medʰi-o- (“middle”). Wiktionary gives the Proto-Italic as *meðios and the PIE as *médʰyos (“between”). Cognate with…

It is from Latin mēns (“mind”) + -tiō, on a root *men- “to think”, as also in meminī “to remember”.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *smīχeslī, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sm-ih₂-ǵʰes-l-ih₂ (“one thousand”). The usual explanation, which de Vaan follows, takes it as “one thousand”: an…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *smeiro-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sméi-ro- (“laughing”), from the root *smey- “to smile”. Cognate with Sanskrit स्मेर (smera, “smiling”), Ancient Greek…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *meit-e/o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *m(e)ith₂- (“to exchange, remove”). The meaning would have moved from “to exchange” to “to give, bestow”, which is…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *molto-, of uncertain further origin. De Vaan mentions a possible Proto-Indo-European *m(o)l-to- (“good, big”), and the OLD compares Ancient Greek μάλα (mála…

It is from earlier ⟨nārō⟩, inherited from Proto-Italic *gnārāō “to make known”, a denominative of gnārus “knowing”, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”). The OLD compares Umbrian…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *nau- (“ship”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *neh₂-u- (“ship”), probably “the floating one”, from the root of “to swim”, as in nō. Cognate with Old Irish nau…

It is from Latin nōscō (“to get to know”) + -bilis, so “knowable, known”. The archaic form ⟨gnōbilis⟩ appears in Livius Andronicus and Accius, as Festus reports. Köbler traces it to…

The origin is uncertain. De Vaan gives possible pre-forms Proto-Indo-European *nōdo- or *neh₃do- (“knot”), related to Old Norse nót (“net”), but considers a loanword just as possible, and compares…

It is related to noceō “to harm”, from ⟨*noc-sa⟩. De Vaan takes ⟨noxa⟩ as formed secondarily beside ⟨noceō⟩, which he traces to Proto-Italic *nokeje- (“to cause death”), Proto-Indo-European…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *(s)nouþ-(i-), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ne/oudʰ- (“to cover”). Its only close cognate is Welsh nudd (“haze”); Avestan 𐬯𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬀 (snaoδa, “clouds”) is…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek νύμφη (númphē, “bride, nymph”). A Greek form nymphē is also used. Georges explains the Greek as “the veiled one”, comparing nūbō “to marry”.

It is from Latin ob- and a form of the root of capiō “to seize”. De Vaan, citing Steinbauer, explains the first conjugation as a derivation through the suffix ⟨-ō, -āre⟩ from an intermediate form…