Latin words first recorded in the 3rd century BC

It is from Latin con- + verrō (“to sweep”). De Vaan traces verrō to Proto-Italic *wors-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *urs-e/o- (“to wipe”), comparing Hittite warš-i (“to reap, harvest, wipe”). The…

It is from Latin con- + orior (“to rise”). The verb orior goes back to Proto-Italic *orior and Proto-Indo-European *h₃r-i- (“to rise”). Cognate with Hittite arai- (“to rise, lift”).

It is from Latin co- + ops (“power, means”). Georges explains it as contracted from ⟨*coops⟩, and de Vaan lists it, like cōpia, among the derivatives of ops, which goes back to Proto-Italic *opi-…

It is from Latin coquus (“cook”) + -īnus. Lewis and Short connect it with coquō (“to cook”) directly, and de Vaan lists it among the derivatives of that verb. The noun goes back to Proto-Italic…

It is from Latin corbis (“basket”) + -ula, a diminutive. De Vaan traces the base to Proto-Italic *k(o)rfi- (“basket”) and, with a question mark, Proto-Indo-European *k(o)rbʰ-i- (“basket…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek κορίανδρον (koríandron), a form beside the usual κορίαννον (koríannon, “coriander”). The Greek word is of uncertain origin; it is often said to be related to κόρις…

It is from Latin cornū (“horn”) + cōpia (“abundance, plenty”), the phrase ⟨cornū cōpiae⟩ “horn of plenty”, with the genitive of cōpia, written as one word. Lewis and Short call the one-word spelling…

It is formed from Latin corpus (“body”) + -ulentus (“full of”). The noun corpus goes back to Proto-Italic *korp-os- and Proto-Indo-European *ḱrp-os- (“body”). Isidore explained the word as…

It is from Latin corpus (“body”) + -culum, a diminutive. De Vaan traces corpus to Proto-Italic *korp-os- and Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥p-os- (“body”), with cognates such as Old English hrif (“belly…

It is from Latin con- + rādō (“to scrape, shave”). The verb rādō goes back to Proto-Italic *rasd-e/o-. The spelling ⟨conrādō⟩ also occurs.

It is formed from Latin con- + rapiō (“to seize”). De Vaan derives the simple verb from Proto-Italic *rap-i- (“to seize”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₁rp-i-, cognate with Ancient Greek ἐρέπτομαι…

The origin is uncertain. Walde and Hofmann connected it with *(s)ker- "to jump", as in Ancient Greek σκαίρω (skaírō, “to skip, dance”), which the OLD also compares; de Vaan calls this a long shot…

It is formed from Latin cottīdiē (“every day”) + -ānus. The adverb is from quotus (“which in number”) and diēs (“day”).

It is a compound from Latin quot (“how many”) + diēs (“day”), or with a form ⟨*quottī⟩ from quotus (“which in number”), but some details are unclear. Wiktionary reports de Vaan's view that the ⟨ī⟩…

The origin is uncertain. The OLD takes it to be originally imitative, and Köbler likewise calls it probably imitative of the bird's call; Festus, as epitomised by Paulus, already said the quail was…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *krāsrōn-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱrH-s-r-on- (“the one with antennae, hornet”). De Vaan explains it from *ḱr-h₂-s- (“head”), whose derivative…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek κραιπάλη (kraipálē, “intoxication, the after-effects of drinking”).

It is from Latin crassus (“thick”) + -tūdō. The origin of the adjective is unclear: de Vaan rejects the older derivation from a root meaning to wind and notes that it belongs to a group of…

The origin is disputed: the OLD calls it doubtful and the TLL unknown. In de Vaan's view it is from Latin cremō (“to burn”), listed among that verb's derivatives; Lewis and Short also relate it to…

It is from Latin crepō (“to rattle, crack”) + -itō, a frequentative. De Vaan traces crepō to Proto-Italic *krepa- and Proto-Indo-European *ḱrep- (“to rattle, crackle”). He compares Sanskrit कृपते…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *krepa-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱrep- (“to rattle, crackle”). The OLD calls it onomatopoeic. Cognate with Hittite karpi- (“anger”) and Sanskrit कृपते (kṛ́pate…

It is from Latin *crepus + -culum, from a lost neuter s-stem noun that also lies behind creper (“dark; doubtful”). De Vaan reconstructs this noun as Proto-Italic *krepos (“twilight”) and, following…

It is from Latin crīminor (“to accuse”) + -tor. De Vaan files the verb and crīmen (“indictment, accusation”) under cernō (“to sift, separate”), which goes back to Proto-Indo-European *krei- (“to…

It is a denominative verb from Latin crīmen (“accusation, charge”). De Vaan derives crīmen from the verb cernō (“to sift, separate, decide”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *krin-e/o- and…

It is from Latin cruciō (“to torture”) + -mentum. The verb is from crux “cross”, which de Vaan traces, with a question mark, to Proto-Italic *kruk(-i)-.

It is formed from Latin cruciō (“to torture”) + -tus. The verb comes from crux (“cross, gallows”), whose further origin is unclear: de Vaan compares Celtic words for “heap, hill” such as Old Irish…

It is from Latin crux (“cross, gallows”) + -ō. Leumann explained its suffix from the dative ⟨crucī⟩; de Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *kruk(-i)- for the noun, perhaps an old i-stem, and compares…

The origin is uncertain. It is perhaps borrowed from Ancient Greek γρυμέα (gruméa, “bag, chest”), somehow altered; Wiktionary also mentions Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”), as in scrūta…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *krūs-. Its further origin is unclear: de Vaan notes that with Old Armenian սրունք (srunkʻ, “calf, shin”) it could go back to a root ⟨*ḱruH-⟩, but the Armenian word…

It is from Latin crustum (“cake, pastry”) + -ulum, a diminutive. De Vaan lists both words as derivatives of crusta (“crust”), which he traces to Proto-Italic *krusto- (“hardened”) and…

It is from Latin cubō (“to lie down”) + -itō, a frequentative. De Vaan lists it from Plautus on among the words of the family of -cumbō, and reconstructs the base as Proto-Italic *kubā̆je/o- (“to be…

It is probably a loanword from a non-Indo-European language. De Vaan suggests an original form like ⟨kuku(m)-⟩ and compares Ancient Greek κύκυον (kúkuon) and σίκυον (síkuon); Wiktionary considers it…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *kʷosjo- (“whose”). De Vaan explains it as the genitive singular of quī (“who, what”), ⟨cuiius⟩, taken as the nominative of a new possessive adjective; since…

Wiktionary and Köbler take it as borrowed from Ancient Greek κολεός (koleós, “sheath”), and Lewis & Short equate it with that word and its Ionic form κουλεός (kouleós). The OLD calls it apparently…

It is probably inherited from Proto-Italic *kul-i-k-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱuH-ló- (“sharp”). An Italo-Celtic form with a long /ū/ before a stressed syllable would have given Latin ⟨cul-⟩ by…

The origin is uncertain. De Vaan tentatively reconstructs Proto-Italic *kʷolpā- (“wrong, mistake”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷolp-h₂- (“bend, turn”): if the word first meant a state of error…

It is from Latin culpa (“fault, blame”) + -ō. De Vaan traces culpa to Proto-Italic *k(w)e/ol(V)pā- (“wrong, mistake”) and perhaps Proto-Indo-European *kʷolp-h₂- (“bend, turn”): if, as Ernout and…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *k(e/o)l-tro- (“knife”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kolh₂/₃-tro- (“instrument for cleaving”), if it belongs to the root “to split, cleave”; Leumann explained it…

1. The suffix for neuter diminutives is from Latin -culus, in the neuter. Weiss says the diminutive -culus, used after bases of the third, fourth and fifth declensions, probably results from…

It is formed from Latin cumulus (“heap”) + -ō, the verb suffix. De Vaan derives ⟨cumulus⟩ from Proto-Italic *kumo- and Proto-Indo-European *ḱuh₁-mo- (“heap”), cognate with Ancient Greek κῦμα (kûma…

It is the adverb from Latin cupidus (“eager, desirous”) + -ē. The adjective is from cupiō (“to desire”), which de Vaan derives from Proto-Italic *kup-i- and a PIE present Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin cupiō (“to desire”), its present participle, used as an adjective. De Vaan traces that verb to Proto-Italic *kup-i- and Proto-Indo-European *kup-(e)i- (“to tremble, desire”), and…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *kʷois-ā- (“care, watch”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeys- (“to heed”), an s-present of the root *kʷei- “to take notice”. De Vaan calls this a possible…

The origin is uncertain. De Vaan explains it as a noun formed by intensive reduplication of a syllable ⟨kur⟩, with the second /r/ dissimilated to /l/. Walde and Hofmann connected curvus (“curved”)…

It is usually explained as ⟨*ko-wir-ijā⟩ “assembly of men”, from Latin com- (“with”) + vir (“man”), like convīvium and coniugium. Wiktionary gives an Old Latin ⟨coviria⟩ from Proto-Italic *kowiriom…

It is from Latin currō (“to run”) + -tor, built on the stem ⟨curs-⟩. De Vaan traces currō to Proto-Italic *korse/o- (“to run”) and Proto-Indo-European *krs-e/o- (“to run”); he explains that the…

It is formed from Latin custōs (“guard, guardian”) + -iō. The origin of custōs is unclear: Nowicki's explanation as ⟨*kusto-sd-⟩ “one who sits by the hidden (treasure)”, with Gothic 𐌷𐌿𐌶𐌳 (huzd…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek κύαθος (kúathos, “ladle, cup”).

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek δανειστής (daneistḗs, “moneylender, creditor”), from δανείζω (daneízō, “to lend at interest”) and δάνος (dános, “loan”). Köbler connects them with…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek δαπανάω (dapanáō, “to spend, consume”), its sense perhaps influenced by daps (“sacrificial feast, meal”). Lewis and Short, Georges and Gaffiot instead derive it…

1. The participle is from Latin dō (“to give”), its perfect passive participle, continuing Proto-Italic *datos and Proto-Indo-European *dh₃-tó-. Its neuter is Faliscan datu in a Faliscan…

De Vaan reconstructs it as inherited from Proto-Italic *dē-belis (“without strength”), a compound of the type of inermis (“unarmed”), made from dē- and a lost noun going back to Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin decem (“ten”) + -iēns. Wiktionary traces decem to Proto-Italic *dekəm and Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥ (“ten”).

It is from Latin decimus (“tenth”), in its feminine form, used as a noun by ellipsis of pars “part” or hōra “hour”. De Vaan treats it under decem: the ordinal goes back to Proto-Italic *dekamo-…

It is formed from Latin dē- + capiō (“to take, seize”). Lewis & Short take its first sense to be “to catch” an animal running away, as in dēcipula (“snare”). De Vaan traces capiō to Proto-Italic…

It is from Latin decōrus (“fitting, handsome”) + -ē. De Vaan explains the long /ō/ of that adjective from the noun decor (“beauty”), which may have been formed to decet (“it is fitting”); that verb…

The origin is disputed. The usual explanation, followed by the OLD and the TLL, is from Latin dē- + crepō (“to rattle, burst”), from the participle of the verb; Walde and Hofmann read it as “rattled…

It is from Latin decumus (“tenth”), its feminine, ⟨decumus⟩ being the older form of decimus, short for ⟨decuma pars⟩ “a tenth part”. De Vaan traces the ordinal to Proto-Italic *dekamo- (“tenth”)…

It is from Latin dē- + *cumbō (“to lie down”). The simple verb is found only in compounds. De Vaan derives it, together with cubō (“to be lying”), from Proto-Italic *kumbe/o- (“to lie down”), a…

It is formed from Latin dē- (“down”) + currō (“to run”). De Vaan traces ⟨currō⟩ to Proto-Italic *korse/o- (“to run”) and Proto-Indo-European *kr̥s-e/o- (“to run”), cognate with Ancient Greek…