*pleh₁-

Reconstruction

LIV reconstructs *pleh₁- "to fill up, to become full",^[1] Sihler *pleH₁-,^[2] and de Vaan *pleh₁- "to fill" as an aorist root.^[3] According to LIV, the first full grade *pelh₁- is found only in Indo-Iranian nouns and in the adjective *pólh₁u-/pélh₁u-/pl̥h₁éu̯- "much".^[1] Sihler holds that a secondary full grade *pelH₁- had already arisen in PIE.^[2] Several sources cite the root as *pelh₁- "to fill": Kroonen,^[4] Mallory and Adams,^[5] and Kölligan's lexicon chapter in HCHIEL;^[6] Martirosyan writes *pelh₁- : *pleh₁-.^[7] LIV's *pelh₁- is a different root, "to set in motion".^[8]

Morphology

LIV reconstructs a root aorist *pléh₁-/pl̥h₁- in Greek, an i-reduplicated present *pi-pléh₁/pl̥h₁- in Ancient Greek πίμπλημι (pímplēmi), a nasal-infix present *pl̥-né/n-h₁- in Sanskrit पृणाति (pṛṇā́ti, “fills”), a dʰe-present *pléh₁-dʰe- in Ancient Greek πλήθω (plḗthō) and a doubtful perfect ?*pe-plóh₁/pl̥h₁-.^[1] The sigmatic aorists of Vedic and Greek, Lithuanian pìlti (“to pour”) and Latin -pleō are innovations.^[1] Sihler takes the root to be inherently eventive and aoristic,^[9] and Clackson lists it among the telic roots, "become full".^[10]

Evidence

The root is cited in Indo-Iranian, Greek, Italic, Celtic, Armenian, Albanian and Balto-Slavic,^[1] and Germanic has its derivatives.^[11] A Tocharian noun for "full moon" is held to be connected, although just how is open to question.^[12] LIV lists no Anatolian form.^[1]

Meanings

1. to fill up, to become full,^[1] to fill^[3]

LIV follows Meiser in setting up a fientive meaning, but notes that outside Greek nothing clearly speaks for it, the fientive sense being practically limited to the Greek middle.^[1]

Derivatives

• *pl̥h₁-nó- "full", a verbal adjective: Sanskrit पूर्ण (pūrṇá), Old Irish lán, Proto-Germanic *fulla-, Lithuanian pìlnas, Latin plēnus.^[6][13][11]
• *pólh₁u- "much": Sanskrit पुरु (purú), Ancient Greek πολύς (polús), Old Irish il, Proto-Germanic *felu.^[1][11]
• *pleh₁-to- in Old Armenian լի (li, “full”).^[6]
• Latin plēbs (“the common people”), from the sense "be full".^[14]

Reflexes

• Indo-Iranian: LIV cites Sanskrit पृणाति (pṛṇā́ti, “fills”) and Avestan pərənā (“fill!”).^[1]
• Greek: Ancient Greek πίμπλημι (pímplēmi, “to fill”).^[15]
• Italic: Latin -pleō (“to fill”) and Latin plēnus (“full”).^[3]
• Celtic: Proto-Celtic *flānos (“full”).^[16]
• Armenian: Old Armenian լնում (lnum, “to fill”).^[17]
• Albanian: LIV cites Albanian m-blon (“fills”).^[1]
• Balto-Slavic: Lithuanian pìlti (“to pour”).^[18]
• Germanic: Proto-Germanic *fulla- (“full”).^[11]
• Tocharian: Tocharian B pälleᵤ (“full moon”), connection uncertain in detail.^[12]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Rix, Helmut, et al. (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben, 2nd ed., Wiesbaden: Reichert, p. s.v. *pleh₁-
2. ^ a b Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, New York: OUP, p. §123
3. ^ a b c de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. -pleō
4. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 159
5. ^ Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford: OUP, p. 319
6. ^ a b c Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias, eds. (2017–2018), Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics, 3 vols (HSK 41), Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, p. 2257
7. ^ Martirosyan, Hrach K. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon, Leiden: Brill, p. 323
8. ^ Rix, Helmut, et al. (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben, 2nd ed., Wiesbaden: Reichert, p. s.v. *pelh₁-
9. ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, New York: OUP
10. ^ Clackson, James (2007), Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, Cambridge: CUP
11. ^ a b c d Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 136
12. ^ a b Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), A Dictionary of Tocharian B, 2nd ed., Amsterdam: Rodopi, p. 406
13. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 4, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 426
14. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic, Leiden: Brill, p. 259
15. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. πίμπλημι
16. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic, Leiden: Brill, p. 137
17. ^ Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias, eds. (2017–2018), Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics, 3 vols (HSK 41), Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, p. ch. 62, Olsen
18. ^ Hock, Wolfgang, et al. (2015), Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (ALEW), online and Hamburg: Baar, p. s.v. pìlti