*pénkʷe

Reconstruction

The numeral is *pénkʷe in the HCHIEL morphology chapter by Lundquist and Yates, in Ringe, and in Mallory and Adams.^[1][2][3] Kroonen and Martirosyan write *pénkʷe and *pénkwe,^[4][5] Beekes, de Vaan and Derksen *penkwe or *penkʷe,^[6][7][8] and Smoczyński *penku̯e.^[9] Byrd's phonology chapter in HCHIEL gives the phonetic form as *peŋkʷe, since the nasal assimilated in place of articulation to a following stop, as in all the old languages.^[10]

Morphology

Like the other numerals from 'five' to 'ten', it was not inflected for case, number or gender.^[1][11] Clackson cites it as a word with two e-grades, against the idea that each word had a single *e at the place of the accent.^[12] Mallory and Adams also set up a derivative *pénkʷti-, in Old Church Slavonic пѧть (pętĭ, “five”), Albanian pesë (“five”) and the Sanskrit word for 'group of five',^[11] which de Vaan writes Sanskrit पङ्क्ति (paṅktí).^[7] Derksen too thinks that Slavic added the suffix *-ti- to the uninflected numeral.^[8] The oldest ordinal was *pn̥kʷtós, with later full-grade *pénkʷtos formed separately in most branches.^[11]

Evidence

Mallory and Adams list it among the words with cognates in all the major groups.^[13] Italic and Celtic regularly assimilated *p…kʷ to *kʷ…kʷ, which gives Latin quīnque, while Germanic shows an irregular assimilation to *p…p.^[11] Kroonen explains the Germanic form by a sporadic change of *kʷ to *p after a resonant in words that begin with a labial.^[4] Kroonen also lists Hittite panza- among the cognates.^[4]

Competing analyses

Sihler finds the comparison with *ponkʷ-to-, *ponkʷu- 'all, whole', in Latin cūnctus and Hittite panku-, the most persuasive of its kind, 'five' as 'the whole hand', but holds that such etymologies cannot be tested.^[14] Mallory and Adams find the semantic step weak and take the Hittite word to come from *bhonĝhu- 'thickness'; they find the comparison with Proto-Uralic 'palm of the hand' too loose to convince.^[15] Kloekhorst rejects Polomé's derivation of the Hittite word from *penkʷe because the u-stem cannot reflect a labiovelar.^[16] Kroonen thinks the Germanic word for 'fist' probably derived from 'five'.^[17]

Meanings

1. five^[1][2][3]

Derivatives

• *pénkʷti-, in Slavic and Albanian 'five' and Sanskrit 'group of five'.^[11]
• *pn̥kʷtós 'fifth', in Sanskrit पक्थ (pakthá), and *pénkʷtos, in Latin quīntus and Lithuanian peñktas.^[11]
• *pnkʷ-ti- 'fist', in Old English fȳst (“fist”) and Old Church Slavonic пѧсть (pęstĭ, “fist”).^[17]
• *penkw-ró-, usually taken to be the source of Germanic *fingra- 'finger'.^[4]

Reflexes

• Tocharian: Tocharian A päñ, Tocharian B piś (“five”).^[18]
• Indo-Aryan: Sanskrit पञ्च (páñca, “five”).^[19]
• Iranian: Avestan paṇca (“five”).^[7]
• Armenian: Old Armenian հինգ (hing, “five”).^[5]
• Greek: Ancient Greek πέντε (pénte, “five”), Aeolic πέμπε (pémpe).^[6]
• Albanian: Albanian pesë (“five”).^[20]
• Italic: Latin quīnque (“five”).^[7]
• Celtic: Old Irish cóic (“five”), from Proto-Celtic *kʷenkʷe.^[21]
• Germanic: Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆 (fimf, “five”).^[4]
• Baltic: Lithuanian penkì (“five”).^[9]
• Slavic: Old Church Slavonic пѧть (pętĭ, “five”).^[8]

References

1. ^ a b c Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias, eds. (2017–2018), Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics, 3 vols (HSK 41), Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, p. p. 2104
2. ^ a b Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
3. ^ a b Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford: OUP, p. 308
4. ^ a b c d e Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 140
5. ^ a b Martirosyan, Hrach K. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon, Leiden: Brill, p. 423
6. ^ a b Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. πέντε
7. ^ a b c d de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. quīnque
8. ^ a b c Derksen, Rick (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 4, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 400
9. ^ a b Smoczyński, Wojciech (2018), Lithuanian Etymological Dictionary, Berlin: Peter Lang, p. 1309
10. ^ Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias, eds. (2017–2018), Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics, 3 vols (HSK 41), Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, p. p. 2059
11. ^ a b c d e f Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford: OUP, p. 312
12. ^ Clackson, James (2007), Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, Cambridge: CUP
13. ^ Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford: OUP, p. 108
14. ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, New York: OUP, p. § 386
15. ^ Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford: OUP, p. 313
16. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon, Leiden: Brill, p. 624
17. ^ a b Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 160
18. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), A Dictionary of Tocharian B, 2nd ed., Amsterdam: Rodopi, p. 415
19. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956–1980), Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 187
20. ^ Orel, Vladimir (1998), Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden / Boston / Köln: Brill, p. s.v. pesë
21. ^ Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias, eds. (2017–2018), Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics, 3 vols (HSK 41), Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, p. ch. 68, Stifter