*peh₂ǵ-

Reconstruction

LIV reconstructs *peh₂g̑- "to become firm" and compares *peh₂k̑- "to make fast".^[1] Beekes writes *peh₂ǵ- "to coagulate, become fixed",^[2] Kroonen *peh₂ǵ- "to become firm",^[3] Schrijver and Clackson *peh₂g-,^[4][5] and Mallory and Adams *pehₐĝ- beside *pehₐk̂- "fasten securely".^[6]

Morphology

LIV reconstructs a doubtful root aorist ?*péh₂g̑-/ph₂g̑-, a nasal-infix present *ph₂-né/n̥-g̑- in Latin pangō and perhaps Greek πήγνυμι (pḗgnumi), a perfect *pe-póh₂g̑/ph₂g̑- and a fientive *ph₂g̑-éh₁/h₁- in other Greek forms of the same verb; the Greek sigmatic aorist is an innovation.^[1] LIV also cites an Armenian aorist and present with a prefix, meaning "to gird oneself", and a Vedic intensive.^[1] Clackson cites pangō for the causative function of the nasal infix.^[5]

Evidence

The root is cited in Greek, Italic, Indo-Iranian and Armenian,^[1] and Kroonen adds Germanic nouns.^[7] Kloekhorst rejects the proposed connections of Hittite pakkušš- and Hittite pāšk-.^[8][9] NIL cites the derivation of Middle Irish áige (“limb, joint”) from *pah₂ĝ-jo-.^[10]

Competing analyses

de Vaan reconstructs the Latin present as *ph₂-n-ǵ-,^[11] but Kroonen as *ph₂ǵ-néh₂-, with the nasal infixed by Thurneysen's law, and Ancient Greek πήγνυμι (pḗgnumi) as *peh₂ǵ-neu-.^[7]

Meanings

1. to become firm,^[1][3] to coagulate, to become fixed^[2]
2. to attach,^[11] to fasten securely^[6]

Derivatives

• *peh₂ǵ-os: Sanskrit पाजस् (pā́jas, “surface, face”).^[11][7]
• *ph₂ǵ-o-: Proto-Germanic *faka- (“enclosure, section”).^[7]
• *peh₂ǵ-o-: Latin pāgus (“district”).^[7]
• Kroonen derives Proto-Germanic *fastu- (“firm”) from a compound *ph₂ǵ-sth₂- of this root and *steh₂-.^[3]
• Latin pālus (“pole”) from an instrument noun *pā̆g-slo-.^[11]
• Greek ἅπαξ (hápax, “once”).^[12]

Reflexes

• Indo-Iranian: Sanskrit पज्र (pajrá, “solid, firm”).^[2][13]
• Greek: Ancient Greek πήγνυμι (pḗgnumi, “to fix, coagulate”).^[2]
• Italic: Latin pangō (“to attach”).^[11]
• Germanic: Proto-Germanic *faka- (“enclosure, section”).^[7]
• Celtic: Middle Irish áige (“limb, joint”), possibly.^[10]

References

1. ^ a b c d e Rix, Helmut, et al. (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben, 2nd ed., Wiesbaden: Reichert, p. s.v. *peh₂g̑-
2. ^ a b c d Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. πήγνυμι
3. ^ a b c Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 131
4. ^ Schrijver, Peter (1991), The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Latin, Amsterdam: Rodopi, p. 97
5. ^ a b Clackson, James (2007), Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, Cambridge: CUP
6. ^ a b Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford: OUP, p. 381
7. ^ a b c d e f Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 124
8. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon, Leiden: Brill, p. 618
9. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon, Leiden: Brill, p. 650
10. ^ a b Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 354
11. ^ a b c d e de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. pangō
12. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. ἅπαξ
13. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1986–2001), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen, 3 vols, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 52