𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽

Forms

𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (walwjan), a weak verb of the first class.^[1][2] The simple verb is not recorded: Köbler gives it with an asterisk and a question mark, and Wright, Stamm–Heyne and Uhlenbeck refer from it to the compounds with af-, at- and faur-.^[1][2][3][4] Their recorded forms are 𐌰𐍆𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌹 (afwalwjai) and 𐌰𐍆𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍃 (afwalwiþs), 𐌰𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌰 (atwalwida) and 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (faurwalwjands).^[5]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *walwijaną (“to roll”),^[6][1] Kroonen's *walwjan-, with Old English wielwan as its Old English cognate.^[7][8] Lehmann adds wealwian, the source of the English word wallow.^[9][8] Lehmann and Köbler derive it from the Proto-Indo-European root *wel- (“to turn, wind, roll”), which has many extended forms.^[9][1] Holthausen compares Latin volvō (“to roll”), in which Feist finds the same w-suffix;^[8][10] Kroonen sets up a causative *uolh₁-u-eie- beside the e-grade of Latin volvō, calls the verb closely related to *wal(l)ōn-, and leaves the origin of the w-suffix open.^[7] Feist sets 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (waltjan, “to roll about”) beside it, formed with another suffix, and compares 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌿𐍃 (walus, “staff”).^[10]

Attestation

The compounds occur four times, all in manuscript CA: 𐌰𐍆𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (afwalwjan) at Mark 16:3 and 16:4, 𐌰𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (atwalwjan) at Mark 15:46 and 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (faurwalwjan) at Matthew 27:60.^[5] They render Ancient Greek ἀποκυλίω (apokulíō, “to roll away”) and προσκυλίω (proskulíō, “to roll up to”).^[11][9] Mark 16:3 reads ƕas afwalwjai unsis þana stain af daurom þis hlaiwis, "who will roll away the stone for us from the door of the tomb?"^[12]

Meanings

1. To roll (something), known only in compounds.^[6][1][13]

Word family

• 𐌰𐍆𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (afwalwjan, “to roll away”)
• 𐌰𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (atwalwjan, “to roll up to”)
• 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (faurwalwjan, “to roll in front of”)

Related words

• 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍉𐌽 (walwisōn, “to wallow”)
• 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (waltjan, “to roll about”)
• 𐌿𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (uswalugjan, “to toss about”)
• 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌿𐍃 (walus, “staff”)

References

1. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *walwjan?
2. ^ a b Wright, Joseph (1910), Grammar of the Gothic Language, Oxford: Clarendon Press
3. ^ Stamm, Friedrich Ludwig; Heyne, Moriz (1920), Ulfilas oder die uns erhaltenen Denkmäler der gotischen Sprache: Text, Wörterbuch und Grammatik, 13th–14th ed. by Ferdinand Wrede, Paderborn: Schöningh, p. 489
4. ^ Uhlenbeck, C. C. (1900), Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 2nd ed., Amsterdam: Müller, p. 166
5. ^ a b De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be
6. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽
7. ^ a b Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 572
8. ^ a b c Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Gotisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 120
9. ^ a b c Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. *af-walwjan
10. ^ a b Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. af-walwjan
11. ^ Haug, Dag T. T. et al., PROIEL Treebank: The Gothic Bible (gothic-nt), 2023 release, Pragmatic Resources in Old Indo-European Languages, University of Oslo
12. ^ De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be, p. Mk 16:3
13. ^ Lambdin, Thomas O. (2006), An Introduction to the Gothic Language, Eugene, Or.: Wipf and Stock