𐌹𐌿𐍀

Forms

𐌹𐌿𐍀 (iup), an indeclinable adverb of direction.^[1][2][3] Beside it stand 𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌰 (iupa) "above", 𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌽𐌰 (iupana) and 𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌸𐍂𐍉 (iupaþrō) "from above".^[4][5]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *upp (“up, upwards”),^[6] an ablauting adverb that Kroonen writes *eup ~ *upp: Gothic has the full grade, Old Norse upp, Old English up, Old Frisian up, Old Saxon up and Old High German ūf the zero grade.^[7] In Kroonen's view the geminate arose regularly in a locative *uppai < *up-noi and was shortened in the full grade;^[7] Uhlenbeck already derived the double consonant from pre-Germanic -pn- before the accent.^[8] Lehmann finds no direct cognate in Germanic and derives it, probably, from a variant of Proto-Indo-European *upo (“from below, up”), the source of 𐌿𐍆 (uf, “under”) and Ancient Greek ὑπό (hupó);^[4] Hamp rejected that derivation without offering another.^[4] Holthausen calls it obscure.^[9]

Attestation

Three records: John 11:41 and Luke 19:5 in manuscript CA, Romans 10:7 in A.^[2][10] In the Wulfila project's order the first is John 11:41.^[2] It is mostly added to verbs that render Greek verbs with Ancient Greek ἀνα- (ana-): insaiƕan iup for Ancient Greek ἀναβλέπω (anablépō) and iup ustiuhan for Ancient Greek ἀνάγω (anágō); at John 11:41 it renders Ancient Greek ἄνω (ánō).^[10][11][12] John 11:41 reads iþ Iesus uzuhhof augona iup, "and Jesus lifted up his eyes".^[13]

Meanings

1. up, upwards.^[1][11][10]

Related words

• 𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌰 (iupa, “above”)
• 𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌽𐌰 (iupana, “anew, from the beginning”)
• 𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌸𐍂𐍉 (iupaþrō, “from above”)
• 𐌿𐍆 (uf, “under”)

References

1. ^ a b Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910), Die gotische Bibel, II: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. iup
2. ^ a b c De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be
3. ^ Braune, Wilhelm; Heidermanns, Frank (2004), Gotische Grammatik, mit Lesestücken und Wörterverzeichnis, 20th ed., Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken germanischer Dialekte A 1, Tübingen: Niemeyer, p. 284
4. ^ a b c Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. iup
5. ^ Wright, Joseph (1910), Grammar of the Gothic Language, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. s.v. iup
6. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. 𐌹𐌿𐍀
7. ^ a b Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 120
8. ^ Uhlenbeck, C. C. (1900), Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 2nd ed., Amsterdam: Müller, p. 90
9. ^ Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Gotisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 54
10. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. iup
11. ^ a b Regan, Brian T. (1974), Dictionary of the Biblical Gothic Language, Phoenix: Wulfila House, p. 91
12. ^ Schulze, Ernst (1848), Gothisches Glossar, mit einer Vorrede von Jacob Grimm, Magdeburg: Heinrichshofen, p. s.v. iup
13. ^ De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be, p. Jn 11:41