*rīdan

Reconstruction

Wiktionary reconstructs *rīdan.^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *rīdaną (“to ride”),^[2] which Kroonen cites as *rīdan-, Orel as *rīđanan and Köbler as *reidan, *rīdan.^[2][3][4] EWA reconstructs the Proto-Germanic present stem *rei̯đ-e/a-.^[5]

Morphology

A strong verb of class I.^[6][5] Old High German has the past singular ⟨reit⟩, plural ⟨ritun⟩ and past participle ⟨giritan⟩.^[5] Fulk gives the verb as an example of a strong verb with e-grade beside a feminine abstract noun with o-grade, Old Norse ríða from *rīðanan beside reið (“course”) from *raiðō.^[7]

Evidence

The verb is attested in Old English rīdan,^[8] Old Frisian rīda^[9] and Old High German rītan, from the 9th century.^[5] Old Saxon has the prefixed past plural ⟨umbiridun⟩ "rode around", glossing Latin ⟨lustrare in equis⟩,^[3][10] and Köbler also lists the past ⟨raet⟩ in ⟨he raet ostar hina⟩, dated 830–840.^[11] In Old Dutch, ONW records rīdan in the Middle Franconian Rhyme Bible of 1151–1200.^[12] Old High German rīdan "to wind, to twist" belongs to another verb, Germanic *wreiþan.^[13]

Meanings

1. to ride^[1]

Kroonen gives the Proto-Germanic verb the further senses "to move, to swing, to rock".^[2] Old English also used it for "to move, to swing, to swim",^[6] Old Frisian for "to drive",^[9] and Old High German for "to drive, to move".^[5]

Derivatives

• *raidu "riding, ride", which Wiktionary reconstructs;^[14] Orel derives Proto-Germanic *raiđō from the verb, with Old English rād (“riding, road”) and Old High German reita (“wagon”).^[15]
• *riddjō "rider", which Wiktionary reconstructs from Old English ridda and Old High German ritto.^[16]
• *unþarīdan "to ride away", which Wiktionary reconstructs;^[17] Old Frisian has the prefixed verb undrīda.^[9]

Reflexes

• Old English: rīdan (“to ride, to move, to swing”)^[8]
• Old Frisian: rīda (“to ride, to drive”)^[9]
• Old Saxon: rīdan (“to ride”)^[11]
• Old Dutch: rīdan (“to ride”)^[12]
• Old High German: rītan (“to ride, to drive, to move”)^[5]

References

1. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *rīdan
2. ^ a b c Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 412
3. ^ a b Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 305
4. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *reidan
5. ^ a b c d e f Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. rîtan
6. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. rīdan
7. ^ Fulk, R. D. (2018), A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages, Studies in Germanic Linguistics 3, Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins
8. ^ a b Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. rīdan
9. ^ a b c d Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. rīda
10. ^ Tiefenbach, Heinrich (2010), Altsächsisches Handwörterbuch / A Concise Old Saxon Dictionary, Berlin / New York: De Gruyter, p. s.v. umbirīdan
11. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. rīdan
12. ^ a b Oudnederlands Woordenboek (2009–), Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal, Leiden; gtb.ivdnt.org, p. s.v. rīdan
13. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 6th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. rīdan
14. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *raidu
15. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 295
16. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *riddjō
17. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *unþarīdan