*sad

Reconstruction

Wiktionary reconstructs the adjective *sad "sated, full".^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *sadaz (“sated, full”),^[1] which Kroonen and Heidermanns cite by its stem *sada- and Orel as *sađaz.^[2][3][4] EWA reconstructs Proto-Germanic *sađa- and explains the t of Dutch: since the adjective was mostly used predicatively, the t that arose only by final devoicing spread to the inflected forms.^[5]

Morphology

An adjective,^[3][6] an a-stem in Old High German.^[5] Heidermanns calls it common Germanic and mostly predicative.^[3] Kroonen takes it for an old past participle,^[2] and Schaffner counts it among the Germanic passive verbal adjectives in *-da-.^[7]

Evidence

The adjective is attested in Old English sæd,^[6] Old Saxon sad in the Heliand,^[8] Old Dutch sada, glossing Latin saturati in the Old Low Franconian Psalms of the 10th century,^[9][10] and Old High German sat, recorded from the end of the 8th century.^[5] Wiktionary gives the Old Frisian adjective only as a reconstruction.^[1]

Meanings

1. sated, full^[1]

Old English also used the word for "weary of",^[6] with compounds for "battle-weary" and "drunk",^[3] and Old High German for "abundant".^[5]

Derivatives

• *sadōn "to sate", which Wiktionary reconstructs;^[11] Kroonen bases a verb *sadōjan- on Old English sadian (“to become sated”) and Old High German satōn (“to sate”).^[2]
• *saddjan "to satiate", which Wiktionary reconstructs from Proto-Germanic *sadjaną;^[12] EWA infers an Old English verb *seddan from Old English unāsedd (“unsated”).^[5]
• EWA takes Old High German setī (“satiety”) and Old Frisian sēde (“satiety, food”) to be probably derived from the adjective too, and traces the Old Frisian word to a West Germanic *sadīn-.^[5]

Reflexes

• Old English: sæd (“sated, weary”)^[6]
• Old Saxon: sad (“sated”)^[8]
• Old Dutch: sat (“sated”)^[9]
• Old High German: sat (“sated, full”)^[5]

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *sad
2. ^ a b c Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 419
3. ^ a b c d Heidermanns, Frank (1993), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive, Berlin / New York: De Gruyter, p. s.v. sada-
4. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 310
5. ^ a b c d e f g Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. sat
6. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. sæd
7. ^ Schaffner, Stefan (2001), Das Vernersche Gesetz und der innerparadigmatische grammatische Wechsel des Urgermanischen im Nominalbereich, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 103, Innsbruck, p. 259
8. ^ a b Berr, Samuel (1971), An Etymological Glossary to the Old Saxon Heliand, Berne / Frankfurt: Herbert Lang, p. 331
9. ^ a b Oudnederlands Woordenboek (2009–), Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal, Leiden; gtb.ivdnt.org, p. s.v. sat
10. ^ Köbler, Gerhard, Altniederfränkisches Wörterbuch, online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. sad
11. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *sadōn
12. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *saddjan