Proto-Germanic words from Proto-Indo-European
251 Proto-Germanic words with Proto-Indo-European in their history, whether borrowed directly or passed on through other languages (page 2).
*fleutaną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *plewd- (“to flow, run”); Kroonen calls it a strong verb to the PIE root *pleud-, and Orel takes *pleud- as an extension of IE *pleu-.
*fōdrą
Both words are from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to protect; to graze, to feed”): the word for "sheath" from its sense "to protect", in Kroonen's and Ringe's account, and the word for "fodder" from…
*fra-
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *pro- (“before, in front of”): Ringe derives it from PIE *pró "in front, forward", comparing Ancient Greek πρό (pró), and EWA, Feist and Orel also trace it…
*fram
Wiktionary has it from Proto-Indo-European *pro- (“forth, forward”). EWA sets the adverb equal to Umbrian promom (“first”), both from the PIE accusative neuter *promóm used as an adverb, a…
*frijaz
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *priHós (“beloved”): Kroonen writes the PIE form *priH-o-.
*friskaz
Wiktionary has it inherited from Proto-Indo-European *preyskos (“fresh, unsalted”), but notes phonetic difficulties in the comparison with Balto-Slavic. Köbler calls its origin unknown, and Orel…
*friþuz
It is from Proto-Indo-European *preyH- (“to be or become dear”): Kroonen, Orel and Wiktionary derive it from the adjective *frijaz "free", Kroonen from its pre-form *priH-o-, and EWA from a…
*fulgāną
Wiktionary tentatively derives it from Proto-Indo-European *pelḱ- (“to turn, to twist, to wind”).
*fullą
It is from Proto-Indo-European *pel(w)- (“a kind of vessel”), through *pl̥-nó-; Kroonen writes *pl-nó- and calls it an Indo-European word for a certain vessel.
*fullaz
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁nós (“full”), the old past participle of Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“to fill”), through *pulnos. Kroonen writes the preform *plh₁-nó- and the root…
*furduz
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *pér-tu-s ~ *pr̥-téw- (“crossing”), a tu-stem meaning "crossing" in the parent language: Ringe and Wiktionary derive *furduz from its oblique stem and the…
*furi
It is from Pre-Germanic *pr̥h₂-i, from Proto-Indo-European *preh₂- (“before, in front”); Kroonen likewise reconstructs *prh₂-i, comparing Ancient Greek παρά (pará, “beside, alongside”) and Latin…
*ga-
Kroonen derives it from PIE *kom-, comparing Latin com- and Latin con-; Wiktionary has it inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“with”).
*gamainiz
Wiktionary has it inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱom-moynis (“common”), made of *ga- and *mainiz, and related to Latin commūnis. Ringe likewise starts from a post-PIE *ko(m)moini-s "common"…
*gāną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₁- (“to go, to reach”). Kroonen derives the Old High German forms from an athematic present *gēmi, *gēsi, *gēþi from *ǵheh₁-mi, *ǵheh₁-si, *ǵheh₁-ti. Orel…
*gardaz
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos (“enclosure”). Kroonen calls it an o-stem derived from the root *gherdh-, and finds the original PIE meaning "circle" still in Faroese.
*gastiz
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʰóstis (“stranger, guest”): Kroonen gives the preform *ghost-i- and calls the word a European, perhaps West European, one.
*gazdaz
Köbler, after Pokorny, has it from Proto-Indo-European *g̑ʰasto- (“rod, pole”). Kroonen reconstructs *gʰazdʰ-o- and calls it a Germanic-Celtic word.
*gebaną
Wiktionary has it from Proto-Indo-European *gʰebʰ- (“to give, move”), through a thematic present *gʰebʰ-e-ti, the root being traditionally written *gʰabʰ-. The origin is disputed (see Competing…
*geldą
Kroonen and Wiktionary set it beside the strong verb *geldaną "to pay", which is from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeldʰ- (“to repay, to pay”): Kroonen reconstructs a present *gʰeldʰ-e-, a European word…
*getaną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *gʰed- (“to take, to seize”): Kroonen derives it from a thematic present *gʰéd-e-, where most other languages form nasal presents from the root. Mailhammer gives it an…
*ginnaną
Kroonen calls it a strong verb with no certain etymology and tentatively relates it to a root from Proto-Indo-European *ken- (“to arise, to begin”), comparing Old Irish cét; the initial g would then…
*gōdaz
Wiktionary calls it a vṛddhi gerundive of an unattested strong verb *gadaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ- (“to unite, to suit”). Kroonen derives the o-grade adjective from the lost strong verb…
*grautaz
It is from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrewd- (“to rub, to grind”), from a pre-Germanic *gʰrowd-o-s; Kroonen derives it from *gʰroud-o-.
*grīpaną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *gʰreyb- (“to grab, to grasp”); Ringe calls that root post-PIE, comparing Lithuanian griẽbti (“to make a grab for”). EWA finds outside comparisons only in Baltic.
*grunduz
Wiktionary has it from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem- (“floor, settlement”), from a pre-Germanic tu-stem *gʰrm̥tús.
*habjaną
1. It is from Proto-Indo-European *kap- (“to seize”), an innovated stative present. Kroonen sets up *kh₂p-éh₁-, a stative verb to the European root *kh₂p-. 2. Wiktionary has it inherited from…
*haifstiz
Wiktionary takes it as likely from PIE *ḱoyp-sti-s, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱeyp- (“to ridicule, anger”). Kroonen gives a pre-form only with a question mark and calls the word Northern European.
*hailaz
Wiktionary has it inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ilos (“healthy, whole”). Kroonen starts from *koi-lo-, and Ringe from a post-PIE *koylos "healthy". Heidermanns calls it an inherited…
*haimaz
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóymos (“village, home”). Kroonen takes it as a mo-stem to the PIE root *kei- "to lie", comparing Ancient Greek κεῖμαι (keîmai) and the Hittite and Sanskrit…
*hairaz
Ringe has it inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱoyros (“gray”); Wiktionary starts from PIE *(s)ḱeh₃-ro-s "grey, dark", Köbler from a root *k̑ei- "grey, dark".
*haitaz
Wiktionary derives it from Proto-Indo-European *keHy- (“to be hot”), through a PIE *keHid-o-s. Kroonen calls it an o-grade adjective *koid-o- formed within Germanic to a root *keid-, which has no…
*haldaną
The usual etymology has it from Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“to drive”), but Seebold finds the meanings hard to reconcile and calls the connection wholly hypothetical; in his view the verb has no…
*hallō
It is from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to hide, to cover”): EWA derives it from *χal-nō-, pre-Germanic *kol-nah₂-, formed with the PIE suffix *-neh₂- that makes concrete nouns, and Wiktionary from…
*handuz
Köbler compares, with a question mark, from Proto-Indo-European *k̑ent- (“to prick”), and Bammesberger traces it to an IE *kont-ú- beside the root of Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌽 (frahinþan, “to take captive”)…
*harduz
Kroonen, after Strunk and Heidermanns, takes it as a u-stem *kort-u- belonging with Lithuanian kartùs (“bitter”) and the Slavic word for "short", a word family of Lithuanian kiřsti (“to chop”)…
*harjaz
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kóryos (“detachment”), which Ringe explains as a derivative of *kóros "cutting, section, division", made into a noun meaning "detachment, war party" in the…
*harpǭ
EWA traces it to a pre-Germanic *korbeh₂(+n)-, probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerb- (“to bend, to shrink”), so that the harp was "what is plucked with bent fingers". Wiktionary calls its…
*haubudą
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *káput (“head”), through an earlier *hafud; Kroonen sets up *kh₂p-ut-, a word of western Europe, comparing Latin caput.
*hauhaz
Wiktionary derives it from a PIE *kówk-o-s, from Proto-Indo-European *kewk- (“to elevate”). Bammesberger sees in it the stressed o-grade of a root *heuh- from PIE *kewk-.
*helaną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *k̑el- (“to hide”): Kroonen derives it from a PIE thematic present *kél-e-, Wiktionary from the third person *ḱéleti.
*helpaną
Wiktionary tentatively has it from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelb- (“to help”), with a variant *ḱelp-, but points to the difficulties. Kroonen calls it a verb without a clear etymology, and Mailhammer…
*hinder
Wiktionary has it from Proto-Indo-European *ḱem-tér- (“down, back, along, over, through”), from *ḱóm "beside, near, with". EWA, after Klingenschmitt, sets up a pre-form *k̂entér from *k̂e-entér.
*hiz
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱís (“this”). Kroonen heads it *hi- and derives it from PIE *ḱi-; Ringe writes the stem *hi- ~ *he-, Orel *xī̆, and Köbler both *hez, *hiz and *hi-, *hia…
*hlaupaną
Wiktionary has it from Proto-Indo-European *klewb- (“to spring, to hop”), but Mailhammer counts it among the strong verbs with no Indo-European etymology, Seebold finds no usable comparison, and…
*hlaþaną
It is from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂- (“to put, to lay out”).
*hlūdaz
Wiktionary has it inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlutós, from *ḱlew- (“to hear; famous”), and Kroonen derives it from the root *kleu- "to listen".
*hlutą
The root is from Proto-Indo-European *klewH- (“lot, fate”), which Kroonen writes *kleuH- and calls Germanic and Baltic. Wiktionary calls the word a nominal formation to the root of *hleutaną "to…
*hringaz
Wiktionary has it from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krengʰ- (“ring, circle”), through an earlier *hrengaz, and takes the root to be a nasalised extension of Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”)…
*hūsą
Kroonen calls it etymologically obscure, but finds it plausible that the neuter is a thematicised s-stem *kuH-so- from Proto-Indo-European *kuH- (“to cover”), which would give an original sense…
*hwar
It is from Proto-Indo-European *kʷo- (“who, what”): Kroonen calls it an adverb created to the PIE root *kʷo- with the locative suffix *-r, *kʷo-r, like *þar "there". Wiktionary derives it within…
*hwaz
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kʷos (“who”), the PIE interrogative pronoun, which Wiktionary gives beside *kʷís; Orel also derives the masculine from the IE *kʷos-pronoun and the neuter…
*hwī
Wiktionary has it inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kʷíh₁ (“how?”). Orel derives it from *kʷei, a locative of the interrogative stem Proto-Indo-European *kʷo-, and Fulk also calls it formally a…
*-ilaz
Wiktionary derives the diminutive suffix from PIE *-e-ló-s, thematised from Proto-Indo-European *-lós, and calls the suffix of agent and instrument nouns formally a thematised variant of the same…
*in
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”). Ringe derives it from PIE *en and compares Ancient Greek ἐν (en) and Old Latin en, later Latin in.
*-iskaz
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-iskos. Feist compares the Indo-European suffix *-isko- in a Greek diminutive for "little boy" and in Latin priscus (“old”). Ringe calls *-isko- widespread…
*iz
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ís (“he, this”), according to Wiktionary; Kroonen calls it the PIE demonstrative pronoun, probably masculine *h₁ei, feminine *h₁i-ih₂, neuter *h₁id.
*jērą
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *yóh₁r̥ (“year, harvest season”). Kroonen reconstructs a static PIE paradigm, nominative *ióh₁-r, genitive *iéh₁-n-s, after Schindler, because Avestan keeps…
*jungaz
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yuHn̥ḱós (“young”), which Wiktionary derives from *h₂yuh₁en- "young". Ringe compares Sanskrit "youthful" and Latin iuvencus (“steer, young bull”).
*kambaz
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ǵómbʰos (“tooth, peg”): Ringe starts from PIE *ǵómbhos "row of teeth", Kroonen from *ǵombʰ-o-, and EWA from *ĝómbho-, properly a noun of the result, "a bite".