*tīdiz

Reconstruction

The word is *tīdiz in Wiktionary,^[1] *tīđiz in Orel,^[2] and the stem *tīdi- in Kroonen and Köbler.^[3][4]

Etymology

Wiktionary has it inherited from Proto-Indo-European *déh₂itis, from *deh₂y- with the suffix *-tis.^[1] Kroonen derives it from a root *dh₂-ei- "to divide", which he also finds in *tīman- "time" and in *tila- "goal, occasion".^[5] Bammesberger takes *tī- as the zero grade of a root with a laryngeal, IE *deyh-.^[6]

Morphology

A feminine i-stem,^[3][4] formed with the suffix *-di- on the root *tī-.^[6] Old High German zīt is both a feminine i-stem and a neuter a-stem, and the Isidor translation has forms of both genders with the grammatical-change variant in þ; the other languages continue only the feminine i-stem.^[7]

Evidence

The word is attested only in North and West Germanic: Old Norse tíð, Old English tīd, Old Frisian tīd, Old Saxon tīd and Old High German zīt.^[3][2] Neither Kroonen nor Orel lists a Gothic form.^[3][2] Outside Germanic, Kroonen compares an Armenian word for "age, time" and the verbs for "to divide" in Sanskrit and Greek.^[3]

Competing analyses

Orel finds the word close to the Armenian word for "age" and Albanian ditë (“day”), from *dī-ti-, and asks whether a Sanskrit word for "brightness" belongs here.^[2] Köbler gives an IE *dīt- "period of time", with a question mark, beside a root *dā-, *dī- "to divide, to cut up".^[4] Holthausen connected Old Norse tína (“to pick, to sort out”).^[8] Kroonen thinks the related verb, Old Norse tíða (“to strive”) and Old Frisian tīdia (“to strive”), keeps the oldest meaning, "to strive".^[3]

Meanings

1. time^[3][2][4][1]
2. period, interval^[1]

Old English also used it for "season" and "hour",^[3][8] and Old Norse and Old High German for "divine service" or "time of prayer".^[3]

Derivatives

• *tīdijaz "frequent, often"^[9] and *tīdijaną "to strive for; to happen".^[10] Orel writes the verb *tīđjanan.^[2]
• In Orel, the compound *sumera-tīđiz "summer time".^[11]

Reflexes

• Old Norse: tíð (“time, hour, prayer”)^[12]
• Old English: tīd (“time, period, season, hour”)^[8]
• Old Frisian: tīd (“time, occasion, hour”)^[13]
• Old Saxon: tīd (“time, hour”)^[14]
• Old Dutch: tīt^[1]
• Old High German: zīt (“time, age, hour, time of prayer”)^[15]

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *tīdiz
2. ^ a b c d e f Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 407
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 516
4. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *tīdi-
5. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 516–517
6. ^ a b Bammesberger, Alfred (1990), Die Morphologie des urgermanischen Nomens, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 145
7. ^ Schaffner, Stefan (2001), Das Vernersche Gesetz und der innerparadigmatische grammatische Wechsel des Urgermanischen im Nominalbereich, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 103, Innsbruck
8. ^ a b c Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. tīd
9. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *tīdijaz
10. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *tīdijaną
11. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 386
12. ^ Köbler, Gerhard, Altnordisches Wörterbuch, online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary database copy), p. s.v. tīð
13. ^ Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. tīd
14. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. tīd
15. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 6th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. zīt