*beudaną

Reconstruction

The verb is *beudaną in Ringe and Wiktionary,^[1][2] *ƀeuđanan in Orel^[3] and *beudan in Köbler;^[4] Kroonen cites it by the stem *beudan-.^[5]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéwdʰeti (“to be awake, aware”):^[2] Kroonen derives it from the thematic present *bʰéudʰ-e- and calls it a strong verb of IE origin.^[5]

Morphology

A strong verb of class II,^[6][4] with the principal parts *beudan-, *baud, *budum.^[7] Mailhammer puts it among the strong verbs with an accepted Indo-European etymology.^[6] The second person singular of the preterite was *baust, with *s for the root-final dental before *-t.^[1]

Evidence

The verb is attested in all three branches.^[5] Gothic has only compounds, Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 (anabiudan, “to command”) and Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 (faurbiudan, “to forbid”); the simple verb is found in Old Norse bjóða, Old English bēodan, Old Frisian biāda, Old Saxon biodan and Old High German biotan.^[8][9] Gothic anabiudan is in Wulfila's Bible.^[10] The derived noun *beuda- "plate, table" was borrowed, probably from Gothic, as Proto-Slavic *bljudo (“plate, dish”).^[11] Its cognates include Tocharian B pautā- (“to honour, to flatter”) and Ancient Greek πεύθω (peúthō, “to give notice”).^[5]

Competing analyses

Kroonen sets beside the thematic present a nasal present *bʰu-n-dʰ- in Ancient Greek πυνθάνομαι (punthánomai, “to find out, to inquire”) and Lithuanian bùsti (“to awake”).^[5] Orel adds a nasalised Old Irish verb "to announce", after Meyer.^[3]

Meanings

1. to offer, to bid^[5][2][4]
2. to command, to announce^[5][4]

Old Norse also used the verb for "to invite",^[5] and Old Frisian for "to threaten" and "to publish the banns".^[12] Pronk-Tiethoff describes the sense of the noun *beuda- as shifting from "to serve" to "that on which something is served".^[11]

Derivatives

• *budą "offer", Kroonen's *buda-; the West Germanic words for "command, commandment", as Old English gebod, come from the perfective *ga-beudan-.^[13]
• *budô "messenger", Kroonen's *budan-.^[13]
• *beudaz "table",^[14] continued in Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌸𐍃 (biuþs) and Old English bēod.^[3]
• *būsniz "something offered", from earlier *budsniz,^[15] continued in Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌿𐍃𐌽𐍃 (anabusns, “command”).^[16]
• With prefixes: *anabeudaną "to command" and *furibeudaną "to forbid".^[17][18]

Reflexes

• Gothic: only compounds, as 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 (anabiudan, “to command, to order”)^[8]
• Old Norse: bjóða (“to offer”)^[19]
• Old English: bēodan (“to bid, to command, to offer, to announce”)^[20]
• Old Frisian: biāda (“to offer, to threaten, to command”)^[12]
• Old Saxon: biodan (“to offer”)^[21]
• Old High German: biotan (“to offer, to proclaim”)^[22]

References

1. ^ a b Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 247
2. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *beudaną
3. ^ a b c Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 43
4. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *beudan
5. ^ a b c d e f g h Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 61
6. ^ a b Mailhammer, Robert (2007), The Germanic Strong Verbs: Foundations and Development of a New System, Trends in Linguistics 183, Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 215
7. ^ Bammesberger, Alfred (1986), Der Aufbau des germanischen Verbalsystems, Heidelberg: Winter
8. ^ a b Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. 41
9. ^ Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. 58
10. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. anabiudan
11. ^ a b Pronk-Tiethoff, Saskia (2013), The Germanic Loanwords in Proto-Slavic, Leiden Studies in Indo-European 20, Amsterdam / New York: Rodopi, p. s.v. *bljudo
12. ^ a b Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. biāda
13. ^ a b Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 81
14. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *beudaz
15. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *būsniz
16. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 65
17. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *anabeudaną
18. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *furibeudaną
19. ^ de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. 40
20. ^ Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. beodan
21. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. biodan
22. ^ Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. biotan