*upp

Reconstruction

Wiktionary heads the adverb *upp;^[1] Kroonen heads it *eup ~ *upp, with the full grade of the Gothic form,^[2] Orel *uppa,^[3] and Köbler *ūp, *upp and *upa.^[4]

Etymology

Köbler has it from Proto-Indo-European *upo (“under, up”).^[4] Kroonen derives it from *(h₁e)up-n- and relates it to *uba "under; above", from *h₁up-o.^[5]

Morphology

An ablauting adverb of direction.^[2] In Kroonen's account the geminate arose regularly in the locative *uppai from *up-noi, and was shortened in the full-grade form; he leaves open whether *eup and *upp had a suffix *-e or *-a or were simply back-formed from the locative by removing its ending.^[6] The long vowel of Old High German ūf is due to the lengthening of monosyllables.^[7] Fulk describes the Northwest Germanic *upp- as a geminated form of *uƀ-.^[8]

Evidence

The adverb is attested in all three branches, with different grades: Gothic 𐌹𐌿𐍀 (iup) in Gothic, Old Norse upp in Old Norse, and Old English up, Old Frisian up, Old Saxon up and Old High German ūf in West Germanic.^[2] Kroonen's study of the n-stems finds that Gothic points to a root *eup- in all its case forms, while North and West Germanic add the variants *upp- and *ub-.^[9] The Gothic adverb is in Wulfila's Bible, at John 11:41, Luke 19:5 and Romans 10:7.^[10] Holthausen called the Gothic word obscure.^[11]

Competing analyses

Orel takes *uppa as a geminated form of *uƀa, cites Johansson's derivation from *up-nó, and derives Gothic 𐌹𐌿𐍀 (iup) from *eup(p)a.^[3] Wiktionary allows two origins: from *ub with a nasal affix, from an earlier *up-nó, or by analogy with *uppai.^[1] Lehmann explains the double p as emphatic gemination, after K. Johansson 1891.^[12] Feist derived the Old English and Old Saxon forms from *up-no- or *ub-no-, and the Old High German one from *úpo.^[13]

Meanings

1. up, upwards^[2][3][1]
2. upon^[4]

Derivatives

• The locative *uppai, from *up-noi.^[2]
• *uppōn "up, above", in Orel.^[14]
• *upanaz "open", which looks like the past participle of a verb derived from *upp, otherwise unattested;^[15] Orel also derives it from *uppa with the suffix of the strong past participle.^[16]
• *uppijaną "to lift, to raise; to reveal",^[17] Orel's *uppjanan.^[18]
• *ubiswō "eaves", a close relative.^[19]

Reflexes

• Gothic: 𐌹𐌿𐍀 (iup, “up, upwards”)^[10]
• Old Norse: upp (“upwards”)^[20]
• Old English: upp (“up, upwards”)^[21]
• Old Frisian: up (“upwards, up”)^[22]
• Old Saxon: upp (“up, upwards”)^[23]
• Old High German: ūf (“up, upon”)^[24]

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *upp
2. ^ a b c d e Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 120
3. ^ a b c Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *uppa
4. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *ūp
5. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 120, 556
6. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 120–121
7. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 121
8. ^ Fulk, R. D. (2018), A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages, Studies in Germanic Linguistics 3, Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins
9. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2011), The Proto-Germanic n-stems: A Study in Diachronic Morphophonology, Leiden Studies in Indo-European 18, Amsterdam / New York: Rodopi
10. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. iup
11. ^ Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Gotisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 54
12. ^ Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. uf
13. ^ Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. uf
14. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *uppōn
15. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *upanaz
16. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *upanaz
17. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *uppijaną
18. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *uppjanan
19. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *ubiswō
20. ^ de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. upp
21. ^ Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. upp
22. ^ Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. up
23. ^ Tiefenbach, Heinrich (2010), Altsächsisches Handwörterbuch / A Concise Old Saxon Dictionary, Berlin / New York: De Gruyter, p. UPP
24. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 6th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. ūf