*upanaz

Reconstruction

The adjective is *upanaz in Orel and Wiktionary^[1][2] and *upena-, *upenaz, *upana-, *upanaz in Köbler.^[3]

Etymology

Orel has it from Proto-Germanic *upp (“up”), with the suffix of a strong past participle;^[1] Wiktionary too treats it as the past participle of a verb derived from that adverb, though no other trace of such a verb exists, so that the first sense was "lying on top", then "clear, open".^[2] Kroonen calls it obviously derived from the adverbial root *up-.^[4] Köbler has it ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *upo (“under, up, over”).^[3]

Morphology

An adjective with the participial suffix *-ana-.^[1] EWA notes that it looks like a verbal adjective, with the suffix *-ana-/*-ena-, a passive sense and predicative use, but that no strong verb belonging to it can be found; it therefore joins it, with others, to *uppa or *uppē "upwards", from a pre-Proto-Germanic locative *up-ná or instrumental *up-néh₁.^[5] Beside *upana- stands a variant *upina- in Old Frisian and Old Swedish.^[4]

Evidence

The word is found in North and West Germanic: Old Norse opinn, Old English open, Old Frisian epen, Old Saxon opan and Old High German offan.^[1] No Gothic form is listed by Orel or EWA.^[1][5] EWA explains the Norse suffix as a secondary replacement after a-umlaut, and the Old Frisian and Old Swedish forms as a different formation, *up-ena-.^[5]

Competing analyses

Orel reports Szemerényi's derivation from an adverb *upo-nē "from above" and Peeters's reconstruction *upnaz.^[1]

Meanings

1. open^[1][3][2]

Old Norse also used it for "lying on one's back",^[6] and Old English, Old Saxon and Old High German for "evident, clear".^[7][8][5]

Derivatives

• *upanōną "to open; to lift",^[9] which Orel writes *upanōjanan, continued in Old Norse opna, Old English openian and Old High German offanōn.^[1]

Reflexes

• Old Norse: opinn (“open; lying on one's back”)^[6]
• Old English: open (“open, evident, clear”)^[7]
• Old Frisian: epen (“open, free, undecided, evident, public”)^[10]
• Old Saxon: opan (“open, clear, sincere”)^[8]
• Old High German: offan (“open, evident, clear, public”)^[5]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 435
2. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *upanaz
3. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *upena-
4. ^ a b Kroonen, Guus (2011), The Proto-Germanic n-stems: A Study in Diachronic Morphophonology, Leiden Studies in Indo-European 18, Amsterdam / New York: Rodopi
5. ^ a b c d e Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. offan
6. ^ a b de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. 419
7. ^ a b Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. open
8. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. opan
9. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *upanōną
10. ^ Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. epen