English words first recorded in the 19th century

The OED and Merriam-Webster take it as borrowed from French utilisation, recorded in French from 1812, from utiliser (“to utilize”) and the suffix -ation. Barnhart and Etymonline instead treat it as…

It is a shortening of the Zoological, itself short for the Zoological Gardens of the London Zoological Society, established in 1828 in Regent's Park to house the society's collection of wild…

It is formed from English alcohol + -ism, perhaps partly after New Latin alcoholismus, the name the Swedish physician Magnus Huss gave to the disease caused by drinking alcohol, in his “Alcoholismus…

It is formed from English bio- + chemistry, after biochemical, recorded from 1836, and slightly later than biochemist (1845). Merriam-Webster treats it as an international scientific word…

It was formed in English from by and pass, originally from the verbal phrase. Dictionary.com takes the noun as apparently a back-formation from by-passage.

It is a shortening of violoncello, which comes from Italian violoncello, a diminutive of violone (“bass viol”), itself an augmentative of viola. Italian took viola from Old Occitan viola. German…

It was coined in 1848 by Henry Piddington, a British meteorologist and East India Company official, to describe the storm of December 1789 at Coringa in India. It is from Ancient Greek κυκλῶν…

It is formed from English de- + odor + -ant, as if from a Latin present participle *deodōrāntem of a verb *deodōrō (“to remove the smell”), from odor (“smell”). The OED suggests the analogy of…

It is short for examination.

It is formed from English formulate + -ation, as the noun of action of the verb. Formulate, to express in a formula, is recorded from 1837 according to Etymonline, 1855 according to Merriam-Webster…

It is a compound of hair and cut, in the sense of the noun cut.

It is an alteration of hallo, itself an alteration of holla or hollo, a shout to attract attention. The cry goes back at least to the late 14th century, compare the Middle English verb halouen “to…

It was formed in English from inside and the agent suffix -er.

It is a variant of jemmy, a burglar's crowbar (1811), apparently a special use of Jemmy or Jimmy, pet forms of the name James, as with the mechanical uses of jack.

It is borrowed from Latin optimum (“the best, that which is best”), the neuter singular of optimus (“best”) used as a noun, which served as the superlative of bonus (“good”). The origin of optimus…

It is a noun use of the verb phrase pick up.

It is borrowed from French plaque (“plate bearing an inscription; badge of high rank”), a use of plaque (“flat plate”), recorded in Middle French from 1562, from plaquer (“to plate, to apply flat”)…

It is formed from English re- + define. The OED compares French redéfinir, recorded from 1798.

The adjective is formed from English smile + -y. The noun, from 1987, is a conversion of the adjective after smiley face, of which it is a shortening.

It is formed from English unify + -fication, on the model of pairs such as identify and identification or mollify and mollification. The OED also allows a borrowing from French unification or…

It is borrowed from New Latin bactērium, from Ancient Greek βακτήριον (baktḗrion, “little staff”), a diminutive of βακτηρία (baktēría, “staff, cane”) or, according to the OED and Weekley, of βάκτρον…

1. The sound of a bell is imitative. The OED compares the earlier verb dong. Collins and the Oxford Dictionary of English date it only to the 20th century, and the Shorter Oxford calls it originally…

It is formed from English dose + -age, perhaps on the model of French dosage, recorded in French from 1812. The base comes from Old French dose or directly Medieval Latin dosis, from Ancient Greek…

It is formed from English extreme + -ism, after the earlier extremist; the OED compares French extrémisme, recorded only from 1918. extreme is from Old French extreme, from Latin extrēmus…

It is formed from English intra- + venous, the second part ultimately from Latin vēna (“vein”). The OED analyses it as intra- with the Latin noun directly, comparing venous, and Barnhart as intra-…

It is formed from English paedo- (“child”) + -iatric (“healing”), and in Britain it is spelled paediatric. Barnhart describes it as formed in English from Ancient Greek παιδ- (paid-), the stem of…

It is formed from English super- + power. The OED, revised in 2012, records the word from 1849, much earlier than Barnhart's 1922 and Dictionary.com's 1920–25.

It is borrowed from Afrikaans trek (“a journey, the drawing of a wagon”), from Dutch trekken, to march, journey, originally to draw, pull, from Middle Dutch trecken, cognate with Middle Low German…

It is formed from English adult + -hood, probably after childhood. The noun adult comes from the adjective, which is from Latin adultus (“grown up, mature”), the past participle of adolēscō (“to…

Its origin is uncertain. It is perhaps an alteration of brother, which MWU explains as baby talk, or a variant of British colloquial butty “companion” (1802), itself perhaps from booty in “booty…

It is borrowed from French dérailler (“to go off the rails”), formed from dé- (“off, away”) and rail, which French had itself borrowed from the English noun rail. The OED notes that the French verb…

It is a shortening of doctor.

It is from Ancient Greek ἐπιδήμιος (epidḗmios, “among the people; epidemic”) with the combining form -logy, in the OED's and Etymonline's analysis. The Shorter Oxford and the Oxford Dictionary of…

It is a compound from English home + owner, also written with a hyphen, and first recorded in American English. The second part is an agent noun from the verb own, recorded from the mid-14th century.

It is formed from English hypno- + -osis, or taken as New Latin hypnōsis, modelled on a hypothetical Ancient Greek *ὕπνωσις (*húpnōsis), a noun of action from ὑπνοῦν (hupnoûn, “to put to sleep”)…

It is short for Java coffee (1787), coffee grown on the island of Java, in present-day Indonesia. The island's name is shortened from Sanskrit Yavadvīpa, “island of barley”; Ptolemy recorded it as…

It is formed from English occupation + -al. The noun comes from Anglo-Norman occupacion and Old French occupation, from Latin occupātiō (“a seizing, taking possession; business, employment”), from…

The OED, in its 2006 revision, treats it as formed from English plane + -ar, on the model of linear, and compares the Late Latin adjective, recorded in the 5th century. Most other dictionaries…

It is formed from English south + bound, the second part being the adjective meaning going or heading towards a place, which goes back to Middle English boun (“ready to go”).

It is formed from English wave + length, also written with a hyphen.

It is formed from English bounce + -y. The OED derives it from the verb bounce, Etymonline from the noun.

It is formed from English carbo- + hydrate, modelled on German Kohlenhydrat, used by the chemist C. Schmidt in 1844. The compounds were named "hydrates of carbon" because their composition looked…

It is borrowed from French féminisme (1837), formed from feminine and -ism, ultimately from Latin fēmina (“woman”).

It is borrowed from Italian graffiti, the plural of graffito (“a scribbling; an incised design”), a diminutive formation with the suffix -ito from graffio (“a scratch”) or the related verb graffiare…

It is a compound, from English home + town.

The OED takes it as borrowed from Latin incubātor, an agent noun from incubō (“to lie on, to hatch”), which Etymonline notes meant in Late Latin one who lies in a place; Dictionary.com also gives it…

It is a clipping of maximum. The verb, “to reach the maximum level”, is from the noun, or, in Etymonline's view, from maximize and related words.

It is formed from English out + -age, on the model of shortage, according to Barnhart and Etymonline.

It is borrowed from French saxophone, named after its inventor, the Belgian instrument maker Antoine Joseph Sax, known as Adolphe Sax (1814–1894), with the connecting -o- and -phone, which goes back…

It is formed from English segment + -ation. The verb comes from the noun, which is from Latin segmentum (“a strip or piece cut off”), from secō (“to cut”), with -c- changed to -g- before -m-, from…

It is formed from English throw + back, as a noun use of the phrasal verb throw back. The OED compares the earlier noun throwing back.

It is formed from Latin vīnum (“wine”) (see wine) and -yl, through ethylene and ethyl, since ethyl alcohol is the ordinary alcohol present in wine.

It is borrowed from German Ester, coined in 1848 by the German chemist Leopold Gmelin, professor at Heidelberg. It is probably a contraction of Essigäther (“acetic ether”), the German name for ethyl…

It was coined in 1852 by the British mathematician and physicist G. G. Stokes, formed from English fluor + -escence, from fluorspar, the mineral in which he first noticed the effect, on the pattern…

It is borrowed from French hangar (“shed”), whose further origin is uncertain. The French word is probably from hanghart (14th century), recorded in northern France in 1502. One explanation takes it…

It is a noun from the verbal phrase lay out (see lay and out), also written lay-out.

It is formed from English norm + -ative. The OED, in its entry revised in 2003, takes it as an English formation from Latin norma with the suffix -ative, perhaps after the Latin past participle…

It is formed from English out + back, both as adverbs. Etymonline calls it Australian English, originally an adverb meaning out in the back settlements.

It is formed from English pornography + -ic. The OED analyses it as porno- with -graphic, modelled on pornography, and compares French pornographique, recorded in 1832. Pornography is from French…

It is formed from English re- + unification. Its second part is first recorded in 1848, or in 1849 according to Etymonline, as a noun of action from unify. The OED compares the later verb reunify…