English words first recorded in the 16th century

1. It is borrowed from Spanish don, or Portuguese dom, from Latin dominus (“lord, master, owner”), from domus “house”, from Proto-Indo-European *dem- (“house, household”). The Mafia sense is from…

It is borrowed from Middle French équiper (“to fit out”), from Old French esquiper (“to fit out a ship”), probably from Old Norse skipa (“to man a ship, fit up, arrange”), a verb formed from skip…

It is borrowed from Middle French pionnier (“foot soldier”), from Old French peonier (“foot soldier”), from peon (“foot soldier”) (see pawn, the chess piece), from Medieval Latin pedō (“foot…

It is borrowed from Latin pollen (“fine flour, fine powder, mill dust”), also pollis. The botanical sense follows the New Latin pollen of the botanists: the OED finds it first in J. Ray's “Historia…

It is a compound from English sale + man, with the first part in the genitive form “sale’s”, like craftsman and tradesman. Dictionary.com describes it as “sales” plus “-man”. The noun sale is from…

It is borrowed from Late Latin sphaericus (“spherical”) with the English suffix -al; Etymonline instead analyses it as sphere and -ical. The Late Latin adjective is from Ancient Greek σφαιρικός…

It is borrowed from Middle French suprême and directly from Latin suprēmus (“highest”), the superlative of superus (“situated above”), from super (“above”), from Proto-Indo-European *uper (“over”)…

It is borrowed from Old French verificacion, modern vérification, or alternatively Medieval Latin vērificātiō; Merriam-Webster and Klein give Middle French as the source, Etymonline and…

It is borrowed from Middle French collègue, a learned borrowing of Latin collēga (“partner in office”), literally one chosen together with another, from col- (com-), together, and lēgō, to send or…

It is borrowed from Latin exhaustus, the past participle of exhauriō (“to draw off, take away, use up, empty”), from ex- (“out, off”) and hauriō (“to draw (water), drain”). Barnhart thinks the verb…

It is borrowed from Middle French vice-roy, also visroy, now vice-roi, formed from Old French vice- (“deputy, in place of”) and roi (“king”), from Latin rēx (“king”). It was often written with a…

It is borrowed from Latin accommodātus, past participle of accommodō, to make fit, adapt, fit one thing to another, from ad-, to, and commodō, to make fit, from commodus, proper, fit, convenient…

It is formed from English advertise + -ing. Advertise is from Middle English advertisen (“to take notice of”), from Middle French advertiss-, the stem of advertir, a variant of Old French avertir…

It is probably from Latin ānxietās (“anguish, solicitude”), from ānxius “uneasy, troubled in mind”, the source of anxious. French anxiété was used as a medical term from the 12th century, but it is…

It is formed from English entertain + -er. The verb is from Middle French entretenir (“to support, maintain”), from entre- (“among, between”), from Latin inter, and tenir (“to hold”), from teneō…

It is borrowed from Middle French grammatical (“of or relating to grammar”) (recorded from 1405), borrowed from Late Latin grammaticālis (“of or relating to grammar”) (5th century), or both. The…

It is borrowed from Latin paralysis (“loss of the ability to move a part of the body”), from Ancient Greek παράλυσις (parálusis, “loosening; disabling of the nerves, palsy”), from παραλύω (paralúō…

It is borrowed from Latin spatula (“broad piece, spatula”), spathula, a diminutive of spatha (“broad flat tool or weapon”) (see spathe), from Ancient Greek σπάθη (spáthē, “broad flat blade”) (see…

It is formed from English straight + -en. The adjective is streight, the past participle of strecchen (“to stretch”), from Old English streccan (“to stretch”). It replaced an earlier verb, streiten…

It is borrowed from Late Latin annihilātiō (“destruction”), also written adnihilātiō, which may have come partly by way of French annihilation. The Latin noun is recorded from the 4th or 5th…

It is borrowed from Middle French artifice (“skill, cunning; work of art”), the form also in Anglo-Norman, and directly borrowed from Latin artificium (“artistry, craft, trade; cunning, trick”)…

It is borrowed from Latin communicatus, the past participle of commūnicāre (“to share, impart, inform”), literally to make common, from communis (“common, public”) (see common).

It is borrowed from Middle French consister or directly Latin cōnsistō (“to stand firm, take a position, exist”), from con-, here intensive, and sistō (“to cause to stand, place”), related to stō…

It is borrowed from Medieval Latin dictiōnārium (“collection of words and phrases”) (manual) or dictiōnārius (book), from Latin dictiō, a saying, expression, in Late Latin a word (see diction), from…

It is formed from English distribute + -er, originally spelled distributer, and later conformed to the Late Latin agent noun distribūtor, from distribuō (“to divide, deal out in portions”); compare…

Most dictionaries derive it from Middle English hey, the interjection, extended to an exclamation of playfulness, cheerfulness or surprise, heyda, recorded from 1526. The OED takes the exclamation…

It is borrowed from Latin illūstrō (“to light up, illuminate, make clear, make famous”), through its past participial stem, formed from in- (“in, upon”) and lūstrō (“to make bright; to purify”)…

It is borrowed from Middle French initial or directly from Latin initiālis (“initial, of the beginning”), from initium (“a beginning, an entrance”), the noun use of the neuter past participle of…

It is borrowed from Middle French maniaque or its source, borrowed from Late Latin maniacus (“of madness”), which is from Ancient Greek μανιακός (maniakós), formed from μανία (manía, “madness”) (the…

It is formed from English re- (“again”) + live (“to be alive”). The OED adds that in early use the base may have been the adjective rather than the verb live, and that the word was probably formed…

It is borrowed from Latin stimulātiō (“a pricking on, incitement, encouragement”), a noun of action from stimulātus, the past participle of stimulō (“to prick, goad, urge”), from stimulus (“goad…

It is from Latin suggestus, past participle of suggerō (“to put under, bring up, supply, prompt”), from sub- (“under, up”) and gerō (“to bring, carry”). Barnhart treats it as a back-formation from…

The origin is unknown. The noun and the verb are found together early in the 16th century, and there is no corresponding word in French. Some have connected it with Old French tremouille (“mill…

It is borrowed from Dutch oproer (“revolt, tumult”) or Middle Low German uprōr, the OED leaving the choice open between the two; Barnhart, following Bense, thinks Tyndale most likely took it from…

It is the plural of alga, borrowed from Latin alga (“seaweed”), used in English in the Latin form, through New Latin. The Latin word is of uncertain or unknown origin. It has been connected with…

It is borrowed from Middle French conférence or directly borrowed from Medieval Latin conferentia, from Latin cōnferēns, the present participle of cōnferō (“to bring together; deliberate, talk…

It is borrowed from Middle French consulter or directly Latin cōnsultō (“to consult, take the advice of”), the frequentative of cōnsulō (“to take counsel, meet and consider”) (see counsel), probably…

It is borrowed from Middle French dexterité, or directly borrowed from Latin dexteritās (“readiness, skilfulness, prosperity”); the OED takes the Latin word as the source and French as perhaps the…

It is borrowed from Middle French éducation and directly borrowed from Latin ēducātiō (“a rearing, training”), from ēducō (“to bring up, rear”). It is related to educate.

It is borrowed from Latin efficācia (“efficacy, efficiency”), from efficāx (“powerful, effectual”), from efficiō (“to work out, accomplish”), the source of effect. It replaced efficace, probably…

It is borrowed from Late Latin evangelicus with the suffix -al, after the earlier evangelic, which came from Old French evangelique, from the same Latin word. The Latin adjective is from the Greek…

It is borrowed from Latin fungus (“mushroom, toadstool”), and replaced the earlier funge (“mushroom”), recorded before 1398, which was borrowed from Old French fonge. The Latin word is usually…

Its origin is unknown. It is perhaps related to Middle French hoquet “shepherd's staff, crook”, a diminutive of Old French hoc “hook”, since the hooked clubs used in the game look like shepherds'…

It is inherited from Middle English mapemounde (“map of the world”) in a shortened form, and partly borrowed from Middle French mappe, shortened from Old French mapemonde, from Medieval Latin mappa…

It is borrowed from French navigation or directly borrowed from Latin nāvigātiō (“a sailing, voyage”), nāvigātiōnem, from nāvigō, to sail, steer a ship (see navigate), from nāvis, ship (from…

It is borrowed from Latin occurrō (“to run to meet, run against, befall, present itself”), perhaps through Middle French occurrer “to happen unexpectedly”, formed from ob- “against, towards” and…

1. The noun is from the obsolete verb spray, to sprinkle (1527), borrowed from Middle Dutch sprayen (“to sprinkle”), spraeien, from Proto-Germanic *sprēwjaną, source also of German sprühen (“to…

It is formed from English time + -er, partly from the verb and partly from the noun. Etymonline takes it as an agent noun from the verb.

It is formed from tropic and -al.

The OED, the Shorter Oxford and Hoad take it as formed from English allot + -ment, which Barnhart thinks more likely than a borrowing. Merriam-Webster, Klein and Etymonline derive it instead from…

It is from Medieval Latin analyticus (“analytical”) with the English suffix -al, the Latin word being used by Boethius in the 6th century, borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀναλυτικός (analutikós…

1. It is borrowed from Middle French camp, from campo, from Latin campus (“open field, level ground; a field of battle”), especially the Campus Martius in Rome, used for games and military drill…

It is formed from English conduct + -ive, while the OED derives it from an unrecorded Latin *conductīvus, from conductus, and notes conductif in 15th-century French. The verb conduct is from the…

It is borrowed from Latin cōnferō (“to bring together, collect, contribute, consult together, compare; to bestow”), formed from com- (“together”) and ferō (“to bear, bring”), from…

It is formed from deny and -al, replacing earlier denyance (late 15th century).

It is formed from English dry + -er, an agent noun from the verb. Drier is the same word: the OED calls it the analogical spelling, but finds the spelling with -y- more frequent in the technical…

It is borrowed from Latin efficāx (“powerful, effectual, efficient”), stem efficāc-, with the suffix -ous, which Merriam-Webster and the Oxford Dictionary of English give as -ious. The Latin…

It is borrowed from Middle French extérieur and directly Latin exterior (“outer, outward”), the comparative of exterus (“on the outside, foreign”), itself a comparative formation from ex (“out of”)…

It is borrowed from Medieval Latin respondēns (“defendant; a student who defends a thesis”), a noun use of respondēns (“answering”), the present participle of respondeō (“to answer, respond; to…

It is borrowed from Middle French etiquet (“label, note”), estiquet, with loss of the first syllable, from Old French estiquette (“a note, label”), especially one fixed to a gate or wall as a public…