wall

Pronunciation

• IPA: UK /wɔːl/, US /wɔːl/, /wɑːl/^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Middle English wal, inherited from Old English weall (“rampart, earthwork; city wall; side of a building”), Anglian wall,^[2][3][4] an early West Germanic borrowing borrowed from Latin vallum (“rampart with palisades; row of stakes”),^[2][3][5] perhaps a collective form of vallus (“stake”).^[2][3][4] Barnhart derives vallus from Proto-Indo-European *wel- (“to turn”),^[3] and Etymonline reports Watkins's *walso- “a post”.^[2] Old Saxon and Dutch wal (“rampart”) and German Wall are also from the Latin.^[5][6]

Earliest recorded meaning

Old English weall, a rampart or city wall: about 725, in Beowulf.^[3] The OED's first quotations are from about 825 and about 900.^[7] Word Origins notes that the Latin source implies the earliest walls were defensive ones around a town or camp.^[8]

Semantic evolution

Old English weall also meant “dam, cliff, rocky shore”.^[2] The side of a building or room is from Old English.^[2] An embankment against the sea is from 1330,^[7] and a person or thing serving as a defence from about 1415.^[7] Go to the wall originally meant “to give way, be beaten”, and now means “to fail commercially”, from the late 16th century; it may be linked to the proverb the weakest go to the wall.^[8] The verb, “to enclose with a wall”, is from about 1250,^[3] “to fill up with a wall” from about 1500, and “to shut up in a wall” from the 1520s.^[2] Wallflower was a plant growing on walls in 1578, and a person who sits by the wall at a dance from 1820.^[3] Wallpaper is from 1827.^[3]

Timeline

• c. 725 – a rampart, city wall.^[3]
• c. 1250 – verb, to enclose with a wall.^[3]
• 1330 – a sea wall.^[7]
• c. 1500 – to wall up.^[2]
• 1578 – wallflower, the plant.^[3]
• late 16th century – go to the wall.^[8]
• 1820 – a wallflower at a dance.^[3]
• 1827 – wallpaper.^[3]

Modern meaning

Noun

1. An upright structure of stone, brick or other material that encloses or divides an area or supports a roof.
2. A defensive rampart around a town or castle.
3. Something like a wall in appearance or effect: a wall of silence.
4. (anatomy) The lining of a body cavity or organ.

Verb

1. To enclose, divide or protect with a wall.
2. To close an opening with a wall: wall up.

Word family

• wallless
• wall-like

Related words

• interval
• wallflower
• wallpaper
• walled

Usage notes

A Scots and American verb, “to roll the eyes”, is related to walleyed.^[5][9] An Old English verb weallan, “to boil, gush out”, related to the verb well, survived as wall in dialect.^[9]

References

1. ^ Jones, Daniel (2011), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary, 18th ed., ed. Peter Roach, Jane Setter and John Esling, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
2. ^ a b c d e f g h Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Barnhart, Robert K. (1988), The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology
4. ^ a b The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000), 4th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin
5. ^ a b c Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary (2024), online ed., Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster
6. ^ Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 2 vols. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1966–1967.
7. ^ a b c d Simpson, J. A.; Weiner, E. S. C., eds. (1989), The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press
8. ^ a b c Cresswell, Julia (2021), Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
9. ^ a b Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (2002), 5th ed., ed. William R. Trumble and Angus Stevenson, Oxford: Oxford University Press