affirmative

Etymology

It is partly borrowed from Anglo-Norman affirmatif and partly borrowed from Late Latin affirmātīvus (“affirmative”),^[2][3][4][5] and late Middle English also had the form affirmatyff.^[6] The French word is recorded from the 13th century,^[2][7] and the Anglo-Norman affermatif from 1292.^[8] The Latin adjective was used by grammarians from the 4th century and in logic from the 5th or 6th.^[2] It is formed from affirmātus, the past participle of affirmō (“to make steady, strengthen; confirm”), and the suffix -īvus.^[3][2][7] The verb is from ad- (“to”) and firmō (“to strengthen, make firm”), from firmus (“strong”).^[7]

Earliest recorded meaning

Asserting that something is so; expressing a positive answer: about 1449, in Reginald Pecock's Repressor.^[2] Etymonline dates the sense "answering yes" to the mid-15th century and traces it to the language of logic.^[7]

Semantic evolution

The noun, a statement or proposition that affirms, is recorded from about 1450,^[2] or the early 15th century according to Etymonline,^[7] and the affirmative, the side of a question that assents, and the phrase in the affirmative both from about 1460.^[2] The technical use in logic, of a proposition that asserts a predicate of its subject, is recorded from 1532, in Thomas More.^[2] Several senses have died out: "strengthening, giving emphasis" (about 1504 to 1580), "assertive, dogmatic" (1650 to 1773) and, in mathematics, "positive, greater than zero" (about 1665 to 1885).^[2] Johnson (1755) defined the adjective as "that which affirms, opposed to negative".^[9] From 1702 it could mean confirming, as of a court judgment that upholds a lower court's decision, and since 1862, in Emerson, positive or encouraging.^[2] The use as a bare "yes" began in American military signalling, recorded from 1803,^[2] and spread with radio communication: that's affirmative is recorded from 1956 and the noun in this sense from 1961.^[2][3] The verb, to carry a motion or reply yes, is recorded from 1775.^[2] Affirmative action is attested in American English from 1935 for the reinstatement of fired union members, and in its racial sense from 1961; by the late 1970s it had come to mean active measures such as hiring quotas.^[7]

Timeline

• c. 1449 – adjective, asserting that something is so.^[2]
• c. 1450 – noun, an affirmative statement or proposition.^[2]
• c. 1460 – the affirmative, in the affirmative.^[2]
• 1532 – in logic, of a proposition.^[2]
• 1650 – assertive, dogmatic (obsolete by 1773).^[2]
• 1702 – confirming, as of a legal judgment.^[2]
• 1775 – verb, to carry a motion.^[2]
• 1803 – in military signals, yes.^[2]
• 1935 – affirmative action, of trade unions.^[7]
• 1956 – that's affirmative, especially in radio communication.^[2]

Meanings

Adjective

1. Saying that something is true or is the case; expressing agreement or saying yes: He gave an affirmative nod.^[10][2][3]
2. (logic) Of a proposition: asserting the predicate of the subject, as opposed to negative.^[10][3][2]
3. Confirming or supporting; positive or encouraging.^[2]
4. (obsolete) Confirming or strengthening.^[3][2]

Noun

1. A word or statement that says yes or asserts something, especially in the phrase answer in the affirmative.^[10][2][3]
2. the affirmative: the side of a question or debate that assents to or supports the proposition.^[2]

Interjection

1. (chiefly US, military and radio) Yes; that is correct.^[2][3]

Word family

• affirmatively
• affirmative action

Related words

• affirm
• affirmation
• firm
• confirm
• negative

References

1. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 27 28 29 Oxford English Dictionary Online (accessed March 2026), Oxford: Oxford University Press
3. ^ a b c d e f g h Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary (2024), online ed., Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster
4. ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (2002), 5th ed., ed. William R. Trumble and Angus Stevenson, Oxford: Oxford University Press
5. ^ Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 2 vols. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1966–1967.
6. ^ Dictionary.com Unabridged (2016), based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, New York: Random House
7. ^ a b c d e f g Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
8. ^ Anglo-Norman Dictionary (AND2), Aberystwyth University, anglo-norman.net (2nd ed., 2005–)
9. ^ Johnson, Samuel (1755), A Dictionary of the English Language, London; 4th ed. 1773; Johnson's Dictionary Online, ed. Beth Rapp Young et al.
10. ^ a b c Collins English Dictionary (2023), Glasgow: HarperCollins