trădare

Forms

trădare f (plural trădări)^[1]

Etymology

It is the long infinitive of trăda (“to betray”), formed from Romanian trăda + -re.^[1][2][3][4]

The verb is a 19th-century learned loan from Latin trādō (“to hand over”), conjugated like da.^[5][3] MDA2 and Tiktin also compare Italian tradire and French trahir, and Tiktin sees a new formation after preda.^[2][6] Wiktionary instead takes the verb as inherited, with a change of conjugation.^[1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin dates the first record to 1836.^[4] MDA2's first record, from before 1844 in the Uricariul collection of documents, has the old legal sense, the handing over of something into someone's possession: the documents of a hermitage handed over to a seminary.^[2][7]

Semantic evolution

The old sense “handing over” followed the verb's own first sense and survived in legal language: Șăineanu still gives it for the delivery of a thing in the state in which it is.^[2][8] The sense “betrayal” took over in the 19th century: Negruzzi writes of discord, greed and treachery growing in men's hearts.^[7][9]

From betrayal of trust the word extended to disloyalty, to the disclosure of a secret, and to infidelity in love or marriage, a sense found in Filimon.^[2][7] Înaltă trădare is high treason against the safety of the state;^[10][9] Scriban glosses it with French haute trahison.^[10][9] The older synonyms trădăciune and trădământ did not last.^[2]

Timeline

• 1817 – the verb trăda “to hand over” in the Calimach Code.^[6]
• 1836 – trădare, the first record of the noun.^[4]
• before 1844 – trădarea documentelor “the handing over of the documents” in the Uricariul.^[2][7]
• 1886 – Barcianu glosses it with German “Verrat”.^[11]
• 1929 – Șăineanu lists înaltă trădare and the legal sense “delivery”.^[8]

Meanings

Noun

1. betrayal, treachery: the act of betraying and its result; the offence of the one who betrays.^[3][2]
2. In înaltă trădare “high treason”: action against the safety of one's own state.^[9][10]
3. Disloyalty to a person or a cause; turning away from a line of conduct or an idea.^[2]
4. The disclosure of a secret or a plan.^[2]
5. Infidelity in love or marriage.^[2][7]
6. (obsolete) The handing over of someone or something into another's power.^[2]

Related words

• trăda
• trădător
• preda

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 1262
3. ^ a b c DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 1141
4. ^ a b c Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. trădare
5. ^ Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. trăda
6. ^ a b Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. trăda
7. ^ a b c d e Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. trădare
8. ^ a b Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 660
9. ^ a b c d Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 4, 479
10. ^ a b c Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună
11. ^ Barcianu, Sava Popovici (1886), Dicționar român-germân și germân-român, revised by D. P. Barcianu, part I: român-germân, Sibiu: Institut tipografic, p. 652