tinde

Forms

tinde (third-person singular present tinde, past participle tins, third-person subjunctive tindă) 3rd conjugation^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin tendō (“to stretch, extend”),^{[2][3][4][5][6][1]} which goes back to Proto-Indo-European *ten- (“to stretch”).^[7][1]

It survives south of the Danube as Aromanian tindu and Megleno-Romanian tind.^[2][8][9][6] Its Romance cognates include Sardinian tèndere, Italian tendere, Spanish tender and Portuguese tender.^[2][6]

The modern sense “to aim at, tend towards” follows French tendre: Ciorănescu and DLR say it was taken from French, and DEX 2009 and MDA2 name both the French and the Latin verb as sources.^{[2][4][10][3]} DEX adds that the form follows întinde.^[10]

Earliest recorded meaning

MDA2's first record is the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki of the early 16th century, which has the subjunctive tindză in a verse where the righteous are not to stretch out their hands to iniquity.^[3][6][4] The same psalter has tinse “it stretched out”.^[11]

Semantic evolution

The old senses are physical: to stretch a rope or a hide, to set a snare (a tinde cursa), to let down a fishing line, to stretch out a hand or the wings.^[4][3] A tinde cuiva mâna also meant “to help someone”.^[3] In these senses the prefixed întinde has largely replaced it, and MDA2 labels them old and popular;^[3][12] Tiktin refers tinde to întinde.^[3][12]

The intransitive sense “to aspire, to strive towards a goal”, taken from French, is first cited from Costinescu's dictionary.^[4] DEX adds the sense, said of things, “to tend to, to develop in a certain direction”.^[10]

Timeline

• c. 1500-1520 – tindză and tinse in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki.^[3][6][11]
• c. 1563-1583 – „Atunce Pavelu... tinse-și mâna” “then Paul stretched out his hand” in the Codicele Voronețean.^[4]
• 1649 – tinse in Mardarie's Slavonic–Romanian lexicon.^[13]
• 1870 – the sense “to aspire” in Costinescu's dictionary.^[4]

Meanings

Verb

1. (intransitive) To aspire, to strive towards a goal.^[10][14][1]
2. (intransitive, of things) To tend to, to develop in a certain direction.^[10][1]
3. (dated, popular) To stretch, extend;^[3][1] a tinde mâna “to stretch out one's hand”, a tinde cursa “to set a snare”.^[3][1]

Word family

• întinde
• destinde
• tindere

Related words

• extinde
• tindă
• tindeche
• pretinde
• Aromanian tindu
• Latin tendō

Usage notes

Tinde is also the plural of the noun tindă “entrance room of a peasant house”, which MDA2 derives from Latin tenda “tent”.^[10][3]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. tinde
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 1221
4. ^ a b c d e f g Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. tinde
5. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 8640
6. ^ a b c d e Buchi, Éva; Schweickard, Wolfgang, eds. (2008–), Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman (DÉRom), Nancy: ATILF, http://www.atilf.fr/DERom
7. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
8. ^ Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 1034
9. ^ Capidan, Theodor (1935), Meglenoromânii III: Dicționar meglenoromân, București: Academia Română, p. 294
10. ^ a b c d e f DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 1126
11. ^ a b Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 79:12
12. ^ a b Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. tinde
13. ^ Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. tinse
14. ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. tinde