Etymology and origin of the Romanian word sfoară
- Confidence
- Disputed
- Formation
- Borrowing
- First attested
- c. 1645 a document published by Iorga More words from the 17th century
- Borrowed from
- Old Church Slavonic съвора
- Ultimate origin
- Proto-Slavic *sъvora
Forms
sfoară f (plural sfori)[1] Moldavian șfoară and northern șfară, plural șferi, are regional variants: Creangă writes of „o șfoară cu motocei la capăt” “a string with tassels at the end”.[2][3][4] A form sfară appears in a customs list of 1726–1733.[2]
Etymology
It is borrowed from Old Church Slavonic съвора (sŭvora, “clasp, buckle”) according to DER, the DLR and Wiktionary, following Miklosich, Cihac and Conev.[5][2][1] The Slavic word continues Proto-Slavic *sъvora, formed with *sъ on a stem related to *verti (“to shut”).[1][6][7] Its relatives are Russian свора (svora, “leash of hounds”), Polish swora or sfora, Czech svor (“clamp”) and Slovene svora (“long beam of a cart”).[6][5] DEX derives the word instead from Modern Greek σφόρα (sfóra), as Scriban did;[8][3][7][4] Tiktin only compares the Greek and the Slavic words, and MDA2 calls the origin unknown, comparing the Slavonic and Ukrainian свора (svora).[8][3][7][4] DER holds that the Moldavian variant șfară reflects the Ukrainian vowel, though its ⟨ș-⟩ is unclear, and that a Ukrainian form was borrowed back from Romanian.[5]
Earliest recorded meaning
Tiktin's first record is a document of about 1645 published by Iorga.[7] MDA2 starts with the Anonymus Caransebesiensis, a Romanian–Latin glossary of about 1650.[4] The 17th-century Slavonic–Romanian lexicons use sfoară to gloss Slavonic вервь “cord”, the first of them about 1660.[9]
Semantic evolution
The core sense is a thin cord of twisted fibres used for tying.[8][7] Builders stretched such a cord to measure and to set out straight lines, as in the ballad where the master masons „sferile-ntindea” “stretched out the cords”; from this come tras cu sfoara “dead straight” and the adverbial sfoară “straight”.[7][3] The measuring line also gave an old unit of land and a small plot, o sfoară de moșie;[8][5] DER notes the same sense in funie.[8][5] A trage sforile “to pull the strings” comes from the puppet theatre, and a trage pe sfoară means “to cheat”.[10][3] In gymnastics the word names the splits.[8][11] Regional speech in Muntenia also uses it for a narrow strip of land and for a local shower of rain.[12]
Timeline
- c. 1645 – the first record, in a document published by Iorga.[7]
- c. 1650 – sfoară in the Anonymus Caransebesiensis.[4]
- c. 1660 – a gloss of Slavonic вервь “cord” in a Slavonic–Romanian lexicon.[9]
- 1726–1733 – sfară in a customs list.[2]
- 1825 – sfoară “string, twine” in the Lexicon de la Buda.[13]
Meanings
Noun
- A long string or twine made by twisting textile fibres (flax, hemp, cotton), used mainly for tying: a lega un pachet cu sfoară.[8][1]
- A fibrous, flexible strip taken from certain plants and used for tying.[8]
- (historical) An official unit of land measure whose value varied by period; a small plot of farmland: o sfoară de moșie “a small estate”.[8][14]
- (gymnastics) The splits;[8] sfoară în față “the side splits”.[8]
Word family
- sforărie
- șfărui
Related words
- Old Church Slavonic съвора (sŭvora)
Usage notes
Common phrases: a trage pe cineva pe sfoară “to cheat someone”, a trage sforile “to pull strings in secret”, a întinde sfoara “to push things too far” and a da sfoară în țară “to spread the news”.[8][4]
References
- ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. sfoară
- ^ a b c d e Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 1, 1196
- ^ a b c d e f Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 878
- ^ a b c d e Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. sfoară
- ^ a b Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), Ètimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka, transl. and suppl. by O. N. Trubačev, 4 vols., Moskva: Progress
- ^ a b c d e f g Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. sfoáră
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 1013
- ^ a b Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro
- ^ Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 1, 589
- ^ Breban, Vasile (1980), Dicționar al limbii române contemporane de uz curent, București: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică
- ^ Marin, Maria; Mărgărit, Iulia, Glosar dialectal. Muntenia, București: Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti”
- ^ Lesicon românescu-latinescu-ungurescu-nemțescu quare de mai mulți autori, în cursul a trideci și mai multor ani s-au lucrat (1825), Buda: Typographia Universității (the Lexicon of Buda, ed. Petru Maior et al.)
- ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. sfoară
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Sfoară.” Etymologically, 12 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/ro/sfoar%C4%83. Accessed 12 Nov. 2026.
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